Kwindlela esebenza ngayo inethiwekhi, yingxaki eqhelekileyo kodwa ebangela ingxaki yokuba izixhobo azikwazi ukuPing emva kokuba ziqhagamshelwe ngqo. Kwabaqalayo kunye neenjineli ezinamava, kudla ngokuba yimfuneko ukuqala kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwaye uhlolisise izizathu ezinokubakho. Eli nqaku lichaza amanyathelo okusombulula iingxaki ukuze likuncede ufumane ngokukhawuleza unobangela wengxaki kwaye uyilungise. Ezi ndlela ziyasebenza kwaye ziyasebenza kwinethiwekhi yasekhaya nakwindawo yeshishini. Siza kukuhambisa kule ngxaki inyathelo ngenyathelo, ukusuka ekuhlolweni okusisiseko ukuya ekuhlolweni okuphambili.
1. Jonga imeko yoQhagamshelo lomzimba ukuqinisekisa ukuba iSignali iyasebenza
Isiseko sonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi lunxibelelwano olubonakalayo. Ukuba isixhobo asiphumeleli kwi-Ping emva konxibelelwano oluchanekileyo, inyathelo lokuqala kukujonga ukuba umaleko obonakalayo uyasebenza na. Nazi iindlela:
Qinisekisa uQhagamshelo lweNethiwekhi yeCable:Jonga ukuba intambo yenethiwekhi ixhunyiwe kakuhle na kwaye nokuba ujongano lwentambo yenethiwekhi lukhululekile na. Ukuba usebenzisa intambo ethe ngqo, qiniseka ukuba intambo iyahambelana nomgangatho we-TIA/EIA-568-B (uMgangatho weCable oQhelekileyo oQhelekileyo). Ukuba unezixhobo ezindala, kunokufuneka uwele imigca (i-TIA/EIA-568-A) kuba ezinye izixhobo ezindala azixhasi ukutshintsha kwe-MDI/MDIX ngokuzenzekelayo.
Jonga Umgangatho weNethiwekhi yeCable:Intambo yenethiwekhi ekumgangatho ophantsi okanye ende kakhulu inokubangela ukuncitshiswa kwesignali. Ubude bentambo yenethiwekhi eqhelekileyo kufuneka bulawulwe ngaphakathi kweemitha ezili-100. Ukuba intambo inde kakhulu okanye inomonakalo ocacileyo (umz., yaphukile okanye ithambile), kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyitshintshe ngentambo esemgangathweni kwaye uyivavanye kwakhona.
Jonga izalathisi zesixhobo:Uninzi lwezixhobo zenethiwekhi (ezifana neeswitshi, ii-routers, amakhadi enethiwekhi) zinezalathisi zesimo sekhonkco. Ngokwesiqhelo, ukukhanya kuya kukhanya (luhlaza okanye orenji) emva koqhagamshelo, kwaye kunokubakho i-flicker ebonisa ukudluliselwa kwedatha. Ukuba isalathisi asikhanyi, kusenokuba yingxaki ngentambo yenethiwekhi, ujongano oluphukileyo, okanye isixhobo asivuliwe.
Izibuko lovavanyo:Faka intambo yenethiwekhi kwenye i-port yesixhobo ukuze ungangeni kwi-port enobungozi. Ukuba ikhona, ungasebenzisa i-network cable vaster ukujonga uqhagamshelo lwentambo yenethiwekhi ukuqinisekisa ukuba isibini ngasinye seentambo si-odolwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Unxibelelwano olubonakalayo linyathelo lokuqala kunxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi, kwaye kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba akukho ngxaki kule leya ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke nokuphanda izizathu eziphezulu.
2. Jonga imeko ye-STP yesixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iPort ayisebenzi
Ukuba awukwazi ukwenza iPing nangona uqhagamshelo oluqhelekileyo lomzimba, kunokubakho ingxaki ngeprotocol ye-link-layer yesixhobo. Esinye sezizathu eziqhelekileyo yiSpanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Qonda Indima ye-STP:I-STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) isetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukubonakala kwee-loops kwinethiwekhi. Ukuba isixhobo sibona i-loop, i-STP ibeka ii-ports ezithile kwi-Blocking State, ezithintela ekudluliseleni idatha.
Jonga imeko yePort:Ngena kwi-CLI yesixhobo sakho (ujongano loMgca woMyalelo) okanye kwi-interface yolawulo lweWebhu ukuze ubone ukuba i-port ikwimeko "yokudlulisela". Kwimeko yeswitshi yeCisco, imeko ye-STP ingajongwa kusetyenziswa umyalelo othi show spat-tree. Ukuba i-port iboniswa njenge "Blocking", i-STP ivimba unxibelelwano kuloo port.
Isisombululo:
Khubaza i-STP okwethutyana:Kwimeko yovavanyo, kunokwenzeka ukucima i-STP okwethutyana (umzekelo, akukho spath-tree vlan 1), kodwa oku akukhuthazwa kwimveliso kuba kunokubangela isivuthuvuthu sokusasazwa.
Nika amandla iPortFast:Ukuba isixhobo siyasixhasa, umsebenzi wePortFast unokuvulwa kwizibuko (imiyalelo efana ne-spath-tree portfast), okuvumela izibuko ukuba zitsibe isigaba sokumamela nokufunda se-STP kwaye zingene ngqo kwimeko yokudlulisela.
Jonga iiLoops:Ukuba ibhloko ye-STP ibangelwa bubukho beeluphu kwinethiwekhi, jonga ngakumbi i-topology yenethiwekhi ukuze ufumane kwaye uqhekeze iiluphu.
Iingxaki ze-STP zixhaphakile kwiinethiwekhi zamashishini, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinee-multi-switch. Ukuba unenethiwekhi encinci, unokukwazi ukulitsiba eli nyathelo okwangoku, kodwa ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo i-STP kunokunceda kakhulu ekusombululeni iingxaki kwixesha elizayo.
3. Jonga ukuba i-ARP iyasebenza na ukuqinisekisa ukuba idilesi ye-MAC isonjululwe ngokuchanekileyo
Xa umaleko wekhonkco uqhelekile, yiya kumaleko wenethiwekhi ukuze ujonge. Umyalelo wePing uxhomekeke kwiprotocol ye-ICMP, eqala isombulule idilesi ye-IP ekujoliswe kuyo kwidilesi ye-MAC ngeProtocol yeSisombululo seDilesi (i-ARP). Ukuba isisombululo se-ARP asiphumeleli, iPing iya kusilela.
Jonga itafile ye-ARP: Jonga itafile ye-ARP kwisixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuba idilesi ye-MAC yesixhobo ekujoliswe kuso isonjululwe ngempumelelo. KwiWindows, umzekelo, ungayibona i-cache ye-ARP ngokuvula umgca womyalelo kwaye ubhale i-arp-a. Ukuba akukho dilesi ye-MAC ye-IP yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, isisombululo se-ARP asiphumelelanga.
Uvavanyo lwe-ARP ngesandla:Zama ukuthumela izicelo ze-ARP ngesandla. Umzekelo, kwiWindows ungasebenzisa umyalelo we-ping ukuqala isicelo se-ARP, okanye usebenzise ngqo isixhobo esifana ne-arping (kwiinkqubo zeLinux). Ukuba akukho mpendulo kwisicelo se-ARP, izizathu ezinokubakho ziquka:
Ukuvalwa kweFirewall:Izicelo ze-ARP zivaliwe yi-firewall yezinye izixhobo. Jonga useto lwe-firewall yesixhobo ekujoliswe kuso uze uzame kwakhona emva kokucima i-firewall okwethutyana.
Ukungqubana kwe-IP:Isisombululo se-ARP sisenokungaphumeleli ukuba kukho ukungqubana kweedilesi ze-IP kwinethiwekhi. Sebenzisa isixhobo esifana neWireshark ukuze ubambe iipakethi uze ubone ukuba kukho iidilesi ezininzi ze-MAC eziphendula kwi-IP efanayo.
Isisombululo:
Cima i-Arpcache (Windows: netsh interface ip delete arpcache; Linux: ip-ss neigh flush all) uze u-Ping kwakhona.
Qinisekisa ukuba iidilesi ze-IP zezixhobo zombini zikwi-subnet efanayo kwaye i-subnet mask iyafana (jonga inyathelo elilandelayo ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha).
Imiba ye-ARP idla ngokunxulumene kakhulu noqwalaselo lwe-network layer, kwaye kufuna umonde ukusombulula iingxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into iyasebenza.
4. Jonga idilesi ye-IP kunye noBume beSubnet ukuqinisekisa iziseko zonxibelelwano
Iingxaki kumaleko wenethiwekhi zihlala zizinto ezibangela ukungaphumeleli kwePing. Iidilesi ze-IP kunye nee-subnet ezingacwangciswanga kakuhle zibangela ukuba izixhobo zinganxibelelani. Nazi iindlela:
Qinisekisa idilesi ye-IP:Jonga ukuba iidilesi ze-IP zezixhobo ezimbini zikwi-subnet efanayo na. Umzekelo, isixhobo A sine-IP ye-192.168.1.10 kunye ne-subnet mask ye-255.255.255.0. Isixhobo B sine-IP ye-192.168.1.20 kunye ne-subnet mask efanayo. Ii-ips ezimbini zikwi-subnet efanayo (192.168.1.0/24) kwaye zinokunxibelelana ngokwethiyori. Ukuba isixhobo B sine-IP ye-192.168.2.20, ayikho kwi-subnet efanayo kwaye i-Ping iya kusilela.
Jonga iimaski zeSubnet:Iimaski ze-subnet ezingahambelaniyo nazo zinokubangela ukungaphumeleli konxibelelwano. Umzekelo, isixhobo A sinemaski ye-255.255.255.0 kwaye isixhobo B sinemaski ye-255.255.0.0, nto leyo enokubangela imiqobo yonxibelelwano ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo okwahlukileyo ububanzi be-subnet. Qinisekisa ukuba iimaski ze-subnet ziyafana kuzo zombini izixhobo.
Jonga useto lweSango:Izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe ngqo azidingi gateway, kodwa iigateways ezingacwangciswanga kakuhle zinokubangela ukuba iipakethi zithunyelwe ngendlela engafanelekanga. Qinisekisa ukuba igateway yezixhobo zombini isetiwe kwi-unconfigured okanye ikhombe kwidilesi echanekileyo.
Isisombululo:
Guqula idilesi ye-IP okanye imaski ye-subnet ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini izixhobo zikwi-subnet enye. Khubaza iiSetingi zesango ezingafunekiyo okanye uzibeke kwixabiso elimiselweyo (0.0.0.0).
Uqwalaselo lwe-IP luphambili kunxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukujonga kabini ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ilahlekileyo.
5. Jonga iiPakethi ze-ICMP ezithunyelweyo nezamkelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iProtokholi ayisebenzi
Umyalelo wePing uxhomekeke kwi-Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP). Ukuba iipakethi ze-ICMP ziyabanjwa okanye zikhutshaziwe, iPing ayizukuphumelela.
Jonga imithetho yakho yomlilo:Izixhobo ezininzi zinee-firewalls ezivulwe ngokuzenzekelayo, nto leyo enokuthintela izicelo ze-ICMP. KwiWindows, umzekelo, jonga useto lwe-"Windows Defender Firewall" ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho we-ICMPv4-In uvumelekile. Iinkqubo zeLinux zijonga umthetho we-iptables (iptables -L) ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-ICMP ayivalwanga.
Jonga uMgaqo-nkqubo weSixhobo:Ezinye ii-routers okanye iiswitshi zivala iimpendulo ze-ICMP ukuthintela ukuskena. Ngena kwisikrini solawulo lwesixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-ICMP ayisebenzi.
Uhlalutyo lokuBamba iiPakethi:Sebenzisa isixhobo esifana neWireshark okanyeIiTaps zeNethiwekhi zeMylinkingkwayeIiPakethi zeMylinking Network Brokersukuze kuthathwe iipakethi ukuze kubonwe ukuba isicelo se-ICMP senziwe na kwaye ukuba bekukho impendulo. Ukuba isicelo senziwe kodwa kungekho mpendulo, ingxaki isenokuba kwisixhobo ekujoliswe kuso. Ukuba akukho sicelo senziweyo, ingxaki isenokuba kwimatshini yasekuhlaleni.
Isisombululo:
(IWindows: netsh advfirewall ivale yonke i-allprofiles state; iLinux: iptables -F) ukuvavanya ukuba iPing ibuyele kwisiqhelo na.Vumela iimpendulo ze-ICMP kwisixhobo (umzekelo, isixhobo seCisco: ip icmp echo-reply).
Imiba ye-ICMP idla ngokunxulumene nemigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko, efuna ukutshintshiselana phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nonxibelelwano.
6. Jonga ukuba iFomati yePakethi ichanekile na ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho zimo zingaqhelekanga kwiProtocol Stack
Ukuba konke kuhamba kakuhle kwaye awukwazi ukwenza iPing, kunokufuneka ujonge kwi-protocol stack ukuze ujonge ukuba ipakethi ikwifomathi echanekileyo na.
Bamba kwaye Uhlalutye Iipakethi:
Sebenzisa iWireshark ukuze ubambe iipakethi ze-ICMP uze ujonge oku kulandelayo:
- Uhlobo kunye neKhowudi yeSicelo se-ICMP zichanekile (Isicelo se-Echo kufuneka sibe yi-Type 8, iKhowudi 0).
- Nokuba i-ips yomthombo kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo ichanekile na.
- Nokuba kukho amaxabiso angaqhelekanga e-TTL (Time to Live) anokubangela ukuba ipakethi iwiswe phakathi.
Jonga useto lwe-MTU:Ukuba iiSetingi zeYunithi yoThumelo oluPhezulu (MTU) azihambelani, ukuqhekeka kwepakethi kunokungaphumeleli. I-MTU emiselweyo yi-1500 bytes, kodwa ezinye izixhobo zinokucwangciswa ngamaxabiso amancinci. Vavanya ukuqhekeka ngomyalelo we-ping-fl 1472 target IP (Windows). Ukuba kuceliwe ukuba kufakwe i-sharding kodwa iflegi ethi Musa ukurhoxisa (DF) isetiwe, i-MTU ayifani.
Isisombululo:
Lungisa ixabiso le-MTU (Windows: netsh interface ipv4 iseti ye-subinterface "Ethernet" mtu=1400 store=persistent).
Qinisekisa ukuba i-MTU yezixhobo zombini iyafana.
Ingxaki ye-protocol stack inzima ngakumbi, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlalutyo olunzulu lwenziwe emva kokuba uphando olusisiseko lungenamsebenzi.
7. Qokelela Ulwazi kwaye Ufune Iinkxaso Zobuchwephesha
Ukuba la manyathelo angasentla awayisombululi le ngxaki, kunokufuneka uqokelele ulwazi oluthe kratya kwaye ufune inkxaso yobugcisa.
Ilog:Qokelela ulwazi lwelog yesixhobo (i-syslog ye-router/switch, i-syslog ye-PC) uze ubone ukuba kukho naziphi na iimpazamo.
Nxibelelana noMvelisi:Ukuba isixhobo sisixhobo seshishini esifana neUkudibanisa kwam(IiTaps zeNethiwekhi, Abathengisi beePakethi zeNethiwekhikwayeI-Inline Bypass), Cisco (Router/Switch), Huawei (Router/Switch), ungaqhagamshelana nenkxaso yobugcisa yomenzi ukuze unike amanyathelo okuhlola aneenkcukacha kunye neengxelo.
Ukusebenzisa uluntu:Thumela kwiiforam zobugcisa (umz., iStack Overflow, iCisco Community) ukuze ufumane uncedo, unike ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga ne-network topology kunye noqwalaselo.
Uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo kwisixhobo senethiwekhi esingaphumeleliyo kwiPing lunokubonakala lulula, kodwa eneneni lunokubandakanya iingxaki ezininzi kwi-physical layer, i-link layer, i-network layer, kwane-protocol stack. Uninzi lweengxaki zingasonjululwa ngokulandela la manyathelo asixhenxe, ukusuka kwi-basic ukuya kwi-advanced. Nokuba kukujonga intambo yenethiwekhi, ukulungisa i-STP, ukuqinisekisa i-ARP, okanye ukwenza ngcono uqwalaselo lwe-IP kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-ICMP, inyathelo ngalinye lifuna inkathalo kunye nomonde. Ndiyathemba ukuba esi sikhokelo siza kukunika ingcaciso ethile malunga nendlela yokwenza iingxaki zakho kwi-Intanethi, ukuze ungabhideki ukuba ujongene nengxaki efanayo.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-09-2025
