Kumsebenzi womnatha kunye nokugcinwa, yingxaki eqhelekileyo kodwa eyinkathazo ukuba izixhobo azikwazi i-Ping emva kokuqhagamshelwa ngokuthe ngqo. Kubo bobabini abaqalayo kunye neenjineli ezinamava, kuhlala kuyimfuneko ukuqala kumanqanaba amaninzi kwaye uvavanye oonobangela abanokubakho. Eli nqaku lichaza amanyathelo okusombulula ingxaki ukukunceda ufumane unobangela wengxaki ngokukhawuleza kwaye uyilungise. Ezi ndlela ziyasebenza kwaye ziyasebenza kuzo zombini inethiwekhi yasekhaya kunye nemeko yeshishini. Siza kukuhamba kulo mceli mngeni inyathelo ngenyathelo, ukusuka kwiitshekhi ezisisiseko ukuya kwiitshekhi eziphambili.
1. Jonga iSimo soQhagamshelwano loMzimba ukuze uqiniseke ukuba uMqondiso uyasebenza
Isiseko sonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi lunxibelelwano lomzimba. Ukuba isixhobo siyasilela kwi-Ping emva koqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhangela ukuba umaleko womzimba uyasebenza. Nanga amanyathelo:
Qinisekisa uQhakamshelwano lweCable yeNethiwekhi:Jonga ukuba intambo yenethiwekhi iplage ngokuqinileyo kwaye ujongano lwentambo yenethiwekhi ikhululekile. Ukuba usebenzisa intambo ethe ngqo, qiniseka ukuba intambo ihambelana nomgangatho we-TIA/EIA-568-B (uMgangatho weCable Direct Direct). Ukuba unezixhobo ezindala, unokufuna ukuwela imigca (TIA/EIA-568-A) kuba ezinye izixhobo ezindala azixhasi ukutshintsha kwe-MDI/MDIX ngokuzenzekelayo.
Jonga uMgangatho weNkomfa yeNethiwekhi:umgangatho ombi okanye intambo yenethiwekhi ende kakhulu inokubangela ukuncipha komqondiso. Ubude bentambo yenethiwekhi eqhelekileyo kufuneka ilawulwe ngaphakathi kweemitha ezili-100. Ukuba intambo inde kakhulu okanye inomonakalo ocacileyo (umzekelo, iphukile okanye icwecwe), kuyacetyiswa ukuba ithathelwe indawo ngentambo yomgangatho ophezulu kunye nokuvavanya kwakhona.
Qwalasela iZalathi zeSixhobo:Uninzi lwezixhobo zenethiwekhi (ezifana nokutshintsha, iirotha, amakhadi enethiwekhi) zinezalathi zemeko yekhonkco. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukukhanya kuya kukhanya (okuluhlaza okanye i-orange) emva kokudibanisa, kwaye kunokubakho i-flicker ukubonisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha. Ukuba isalathisi asikhanyisi, inokuba yingxaki kwintambo yenethiwekhi, i-interface eyaphukileyo, okanye isixhobo asiqhutywanga.
Izibuko loVavanyo:Qhagamshela intambo yenethiwekhi kwelinye izibuko lesixhobo ukungabandakanyi ukuba nokwenzeka komonakalo wezibuko. Ukuba ikhona, ungasebenzisa umvavanyi wentambo yenethiwekhi ukujonga uqhagamshelo lwentambo yenethiwekhi ukuze uqinisekise ukuba iperi nganye yeengcingo iodolwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Uxhulumaniso lomzimba linyathelo lokuqala kunxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi, kwaye kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba akukho ngxaki kulo maleko ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke siphande izizathu eziphezulu.
2. Khangela iSimo se-STP seSixhobo ukuze uqiniseke ukuba i-Port ayivalwanga
Ukuba awukwazi ukwenza i-Ping ngaphandle koqhagamshelo oluqhelekileyo lomzimba, kunokubakho ingxaki ngeprothokholi yekhonkco yesixhobo. Esinye isizathu esiqhelekileyo yiProtocol yeSpanning Tree (STP).
Qonda indima ye-STP:I-STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) isetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukubonakala kweelophu kuthungelwano. Ukuba isixhobo sibona i-loop, i-STP ibeka izibuko ezithile kwi-Blocking State, zithintele ekuthumeleni idatha.
Jonga ubume beZibuko:Ngena kwi-CLI yesixhobo sakho (ujongano loMyalelo woMyalelo) okanye ujongano lolawulo lweWebhu ukuze ubone ukuba izibuko likwimeko "yoKugqithisela". Kwimeko yokutshintsha kweCisco, imo ye-STP inokujongwa ngokusebenzisa umyalelo wokubonisa umthi. Ukuba izibuko liboniswa njenge "Blocking", i-STP ivalela unxibelelwano kwelo zibuko.
Isisombululo:
Khubaza okwethutyana i-STP:Kwimeko yovavanyo, kunokwenzeka ukucima i-STP okwethutyana (umzekelo, akukho spath-tree vlan 1), kodwa oku akukhuthazwa kwimveliso kuba kunokubangela isaqhwithi sosasazo.
Vula iPortFast:Ukuba isixhobo siyayixhasa, umsebenzi wePortFast unokwenziwa kwizibuko (imiyalelo efana ne-spath-tree portfast), ivumela izibuko ukuba litsibe i-STP yesigaba sokuphulaphula nokufunda kwaye ingene ngqo kwimo yokudlulisela.
Jonga iiluphu:Ukuba ibhloko ye-STP ibangelwa kubukho be-loops kwinethiwekhi, jonga ngakumbi i-topology yenethiwekhi ukufumana kunye nokuqhawula i-loops.
Iingxaki ze-STP zixhaphakile kuthungelwano lwamashishini, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokutshintsha izinto ezininzi. Ukuba unothungelwano oluncinci, unokukwazi ukutsiba eli nyathelo ngoku, kodwa ukuqonda ukuba i-STP isebenza njani kunokuhamba indlela ende kwiingxaki zokusombulula ingxaki kwixesha elizayo.
3. Khangela ukuba i-ARP iyasebenza na ukuqinisekisa ukuba idilesi ye-MAC isonjululwe ngokuchanekileyo
Xa umaleko wekhonkco uqhelekile, yiya kumaleko womnatha ukujonga. Umyalelo we-Ping uxhomekeke kwi-protocol ye-ICMP, eqala ukusombulula idilesi ye-IP ekujoliswe kuyo kwidilesi ye-MAC nge-Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). Ukuba isisombululo se-ARP asiphumelelanga, i-Ping iya kusilela.
Jonga itafile ye-ARP: Jonga itafile ye-ARP kwisixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuba idilesi ye-MAC yesixhobo esijoliswe kuyo yasombululeka ngempumelelo. Kwi-Windows, umzekelo, unokujonga i-cache ye-ARP ngokuvula umgca womyalelo kunye nokuchwetheza i-arp-a. Ukuba akukho dilesi ye-MAC yendawo yokufikela ye-IP, isisombululo se-ARP asiphumelelanga.
UVavanyo lwe-ARP ngokwenza:Zama ukuthumela izicelo ze-ARP ngesandla. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Windows ungasebenzisa umyalelo we-ping ukuqalisa isicelo se-ARP, okanye usebenzise ngokuthe ngqo isixhobo esifana ne-arping (kwiinkqubo ze-Linux). Ukuba akukho mpendulo kwisicelo se-ARP, izizathu ezinokubakho ziquka:
Ukuvalwa kweFirewall:Izicelo ze-ARP zivaliwe ludonga lomlilo lwezinye izixhobo. Jonga i-firewall Useto lwesixhobo ekujoliswe kuso kwaye uzame kwakhona emva kokucima okwethutyana i-firewall.
Ukungqubana kwe-IP:Isisombululo se-ARP sinokusilela ukuba kukho ukungqubana kwedilesi ye-IP kuthungelwano. Sebenzisa isixhobo esifana ne-Wireshark ukubamba iipakethi kwaye ubone ukuba kukho iidilesi ezininzi ze-MAC eziphendula kwi-IP efanayo.
Isisombululo:
Cima iArpcache (iWindows: ujongano lwe netsh ip cima iarpcache; Linux: ip-ss neigh flush all) kwaye emva koko iPing kwakhona.
Qinisekisa ukuba iidilesi ze-IP zazo zombini izixhobo zikwi-subnet efanayo kwaye imaski ye-subnet iyafana (jonga inyathelo elilandelayo ngeenkcukacha).
Imiba ye-ARP ihlala isondelelene noqwalaselo lomaleko wothungelwano, kwaye kuthatha umonde ukulungisa iingxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into iyasebenza.
4. Khangela idilesi ye-IP kunye ne-Subnet Configuration ukuze uqinisekise i-Infrastructure Communication
Iingxaki kumaleko womnatha zidla ngokuba ngoyena nobangela wokungaphumeleli kwePing. Iidilesi ze-IP ezingafanelekanga kunye nee-subnets zibangela ukuba izixhobo zingakwazi ukunxibelelana. Nanga amanyathelo:
Qinisekisa idilesi yeIP:Jonga ukuba ngaba iidilesi ze-IP zezixhobo ezibini zikulo womnatha omnye. Ngokomzekelo, isixhobo A sine-IP ye-192.168.1.10 kunye ne-subnet mask ye-255.255.255.0. Isixhobo B sine-IP ye-192.168.1.20 kunye ne-subnet mask efanayo. Ii-ips ezimbini zikwi-subnet efanayo (192.168.1.0/24) kwaye inokunxibelelana ngokwethiyori. Ukuba isixhobo B sine-IP ye-192.168.2.20, ayikho kwi-subnet efanayo kwaye i-Ping iya kusilela.
Jonga iiMaski zeSubnet:Iimaski ezingahambelaniyo ze-subnet nazo zinokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini konxibelelwano. Ngokomzekelo, isixhobo A sinemaski ye-255.255.255.0 kunye nesixhobo B sinemaski ye-255.255.0.0, enokuthi ibangele imiqobo yonxibelelwano ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo okwahlukileyo kwi-subnet scope. Qinisekisa ukuba iimaski zesubnet ziyafana kuzo zombini izixhobo.
Jonga Izicwangciso zeSango:Izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo aziyifuni isango, kodwa iigeyiti ezingalungiswanga kakuhle zinokubangela ukuba iipakethi zithunyelwe ngokungafanelekanga. Qinisekisa ukuba isango lezixhobo zombini limiselwe ukungaqwalaseli okanye likhomba kwidilesi echanekileyo.
Isisombululo:
Guqula idilesi ye-IP okanye i-subnet mask ukuze uqinisekise ukuba zombini izixhobo zikwi-subnet efanayo. Khubaza iiSetingi zesango elingeyomfuneko okanye uzibeke kwixabiso elimiselweyo (0.0.0.0).
Ukucwangciswa kwe-IP ngundoqo wonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi, ngoko kubalulekile ukujonga kabini ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ilahlekileyo.
5. Khangela iiPakethi ze-ICMP ezithunyelwe kwaye zifunyenwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iProtocol ayikhutshaziwe.
Umyalelo we-Ping uxhomekeke kwiProtokholi yoLawulo lweMiyalezo ye-Intanethi (ICMP). Ukuba iipakethi ze-ICMP zithintelwe okanye zikhutshaziwe, i-Ping ayiyi kuphumelela.
Jonga iMithetho yakho yeFirewall:Izixhobo ezininzi zine-firewall eyenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo, enokuthi ithintele izicelo ze-ICMP. Kwi-Windows, umzekelo, khangela i-"Windows Defender Firewall" ukuseta ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho we-ICMPv4-In uvumelekile. Iinkqubo zeLinux zijonga umthetho we-iptables (iptables -L) ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-ICMP ayivalelwanga.
Jonga uMgaqo-nkqubo weSixhobo:Ezinye iirotha okanye iiswitshi zicima iimpendulo ze-ICMP ukuthintela ukuskena. Ngena kwiscreen solawulo lwesixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-ICMP ivaliwe.
Uhlalutyo lwePakethi yokuThatha:Sebenzisa isixhobo esifana neWireshark okanyeMylinking Network IimpompokwayeMylinking Network Packet Brokersukubamba iipakethi ukubona ukuba isicelo se-ICMP senziwe kwaye ukuba kukho impendulo. Ukuba isicelo senziwe kodwa akukho mpendulo, ingxaki inokuba kwisixhobo ekujoliswe kuso. Ukuba akukho sicelo senziweyo, ingxaki inokuba kumatshini wendawo.
Isisombululo:
(Windows: netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off; Linux: iptables -F) ukuvavanya ukuba i-Ping ibuyele kwesiqhelo.Vumela iimpendulo ze-ICMP kwisixhobo (umzekelo, isixhobo seCisco: ip icmp echo-reply).
Imiba ye-ICMP ihlala inxulumene nemigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko, efuna urhwebo phakathi kokhuseleko kunye noqhagamshelwano.
6. Jonga ukuba i-Packet Format ichanekile kusini na ukuqinisekisa ukuba AKUKHO ziNgwexa kwiProtocol Stack.
Ukuba konke kuhambe kakuhle kwaye awukakwazi ukwenza i-Ping, kunokufuneka uqhube phantsi kwi-protocol stack ukujonga ukuba ipakethi ikwifomathi eyiyo.
Thatha kwaye uhlalutye iipakethi:
Sebenzisa iWireshark ukubamba iipakethi ze-ICMP kwaye ujonge oku kulandelayo:
- Uhlobo kunye neKhowudi yeSicelo se-ICMP ichanekile (Isicelo se-Echo kufuneka sibe yi-Type 8, Code 0).
- Ingaba umthombo kunye nendawo yokusingwa ichanekile.
- Nokuba kukho amaxabiso angaqhelekanga e-TTL (Ixesha lokuPhila) anokubangela ukuba ipakethi iwiswe phakathi.
Jonga iisetingi zeMTU:Ukuba iYunithi yothumelo oluphezulu (MTU) Imimiselo ayihambelani, ukuhlukana kwepakethi kunokusilela. I-MTU engagqibekanga yi-1500 bytes, kodwa ezinye izixhobo zinokuqwalaselwa ngamaxabiso amancinci. Ukuqhekeka kovavanyo kunye nomyalelo we-ping-fl 1472 ekujoliswe kuyo IP (Windows). Ukuba i-sharding iyaziswa kodwa iflegi ye-Do not sharding (DF) isetiwe, i-MTU ayihambelani.
Isisombululo:
Lungisa ixabiso le-MTU (I-Windows: i-netsh interface ipv4 iseti i-subinterface "Ethernet" mtu=1400 store=persistent).
Qinisekisa ukuba i-MTU yezi zixhobo zimbini iyafana.
Ingxaki ye-protocol stack inzima ngakumbi, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlalutyo olunzulu lwenziwe emva kokuba uphando olusisiseko lungenasiqhamo.
7. Qokelela ulwazi kwaye ufune iiNkxaso zobuGcisa
Ukuba la manyathelo angentla awawusombululi umcimbi, unokufuna ukuqokelela ngakumbi ulwazi kwaye ufune inkxaso yobugcisa.
Ilog:Ukuqokelela ulwazi lwelogi yesixhobo (i-syslog ye-router / i-switch, i-syslog ye-PC) kwaye ubone ukuba kukho naziphi na iimpazamo.
Qhagamshelana noMvelisi:Ukuba isixhobo imveliso yeshishini ezifanaMylinking(Iitephu zeNethiwekhi, Network Packet BrokerskwayeI-Bypass engaphakathi), Cisco (I-Router/Switch), iHuawei(I-Router/Switch), unokuqhagamshelana nenkxaso yobugcisa bomenzi ukubonelela ngamanyathelo okuhlola aneenkcukacha kunye nezigodo.
Ukuxhasa uluntu:Thumela kwiiforamu zobugcisa (umzekelo, i-Stack Overflow, i-Cisco Community) ngoncedo, ukubonelela nge-topology yenethiwekhi eneenkcukacha kunye nolwazi loqwalaselo.
Uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo kwisixhobo sothungelwano olungaphumeleliyo kwi-Ping lusenokubonakala lulula, kodwa eneneni lunokubandakanya iingxaki ezininzi kumaleko womzimba, umaleko wekhonkco, umaleko womnatha, kunye neprotocol stack. Uninzi lweengxaki zinokusonjululwa ngokulandela la manyathelo asixhenxe, ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya phambili. Ingaba ihlola intambo yenethiwekhi, ukulungisa i-STP, ukuqinisekisa i-ARP, okanye ukulungiswa kwe-IP kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-ICMP, isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukunakekelwa kunye nomonde. Ndiyathemba ukuba esi sikhokelo siya kukunika ingcaciso malunga nendlela yokwenza ingxaki yakho kwi-Intanethi, ukuze ungabhideki ukuba ujongene nengxaki efanayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-09-2025
