Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zeenkonzo zelifu, inethiwekhi yahlulwe kancinci kancinci ibe yi-Underlay kunye ne-Overlay. Inethiwekhi ye-Underlay sisixhobo esibonakalayo esifana nokuhambisa nokutshintsha kwiziko ledatha lendabuko, elisakholelwa kwingcamango yozinzo kwaye inika amandla okudlulisa idatha yenethiwekhi athembekileyo. I-Overlay yinethiwekhi yeshishini efakwe kuyo, kufutshane nenkonzo, nge-VXLAN okanye i-GRE protocol encapsulation, ukubonelela abasebenzisi ngeenkonzo zenethiwekhi ezilula ukuzisebenzisa. Inethiwekhi ye-Underlay kunye nenethiwekhi ye-Ooverlay zinxulumene kwaye ziyahlukana, kwaye zinxulumene kwaye zinokuguquka ngokuzimeleyo.
Inethiwekhi ye-Underlay sisiseko senethiwekhi. Ukuba inethiwekhi ye-underlay ayizinzanga, akukho SLA yeshishini. Emva koyilo lwenethiwekhi olunezintlu ezintathu kunye noyilo lwenethiwekhi ye-Fat-Tree, uyilo lwenethiwekhi yeziko ledatha lutshintshela kwisakhiwo se-Spine-Leaf, esaqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwesithathu kwemodeli yenethiwekhi ye-CLOS.
Uyilo lwenethiwekhi yeziko ledatha lendabuko
Uyilo lweeLeya ezintathu
Ukususela ngo-2004 ukuya ku-2007, uyilo lwenethiwekhi enamanqanaba amathathu lwaluthandwa kakhulu kwiindawo zedatha. Luneeleyara ezintathu: ileyara engundoqo (umqolo wokutshintsha ngesantya esiphezulu wenethiwekhi), ileyara yokuhlanganisa (ebonelela ngonxibelelwano olusekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo), kunye neleyara yokufikelela (edibanisa iindawo zokusebenza kwinethiwekhi). Imodeli yile ilandelayo:
Uyilo lweNethiwekhi oluneeleya ezintathu
Umaleko ongundoqo: Iiswitshi ezingundoqo zibonelela ngokuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kweepakethi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweziko ledatha, uqhagamshelo kwiileya ezininzi zokudibanisa, kunye nenethiwekhi yokuhambisa i-L3 eqinileyo edla ngokukhonza inethiwekhi yonke.
Umaleko wokuhlanganisa: Iswitshi yokuhlanganisa iqhagamshela kwiswitshi yokufikelela kwaye ibonelela ngezinye iinkonzo, ezinje nge-firewall, i-SSL offload, ukufunyanwa kokungena, uhlalutyo lwenethiwekhi, njl.
Ulayini wokufikelela: Iiswitshi zokufikelela zihlala zikwindawo ephezulu yeRakhi, ngoko ke zikwabizwa ngokuba ziiswitshi zeToR (Top of Rack), kwaye ziqhagamshela ngokwasemzimbeni kwiiseva.
Ngokwesiqhelo, iswitshi yokuhlanganisa yindawo yokuhlula phakathi kweenethiwekhi ze-L2 kunye ne-L3: inethiwekhi ye-L2 ingaphantsi kweswitshi yokuhlanganisa, kwaye inethiwekhi ye-L3 ingaphezulu. Iqela ngalinye leswitshi yokuhlanganisa lilawula iPoint Of Delivery (POD), kwaye i-POD nganye yinethiwekhi ye-VLAN ezimeleyo.
Iprotokholi yeLoop yeNethiwekhi kunye neSpanning Tree
Ukwenziwa kweeluphu kubangelwa kakhulu kukudideka okubangelwa ziindlela ezingacacanga zokuya kuzo. Xa abasebenzisi bakha iinethiwekhi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, badla ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezingafunekiyo kunye neekhonkco ezingafunekiyo, ukuze iiluphu zenziwe ngokungenakuphepheka. Inethiwekhi yomaleko wesi-2 ikwindawo enye yokusasaza, kwaye iipakethi zokusasaza ziya kudluliselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiluphu, zenze isivuthuvuthu sokusasaza, esinokubangela ukuvaleka kwezibuko kunye nokukhubazeka kwezixhobo ngephanyazo. Ke ngoko, ukuze kuthintelwe izivuthuvuthu zokusasaza, kuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukwenziwa kweeluphu.
Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwee-loops nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuguqula izixhobo ezingafunekiyo kunye neekhonkco ezingafunekiyo zibe zizixhobo zokugcina kunye neekhonkco zokugcina. Oko kukuthi, ii-ports zezixhobo ezingafunekiyo kunye neekhonkco ziyavalwa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kwaye azithathi nxaxheba ekudlulisweni kweepakethi zedatha. Kuphela xa isixhobo sokudlulisa sangoku, i-port, i-link singasebenzi, okubangela ukuxinana kwenethiwekhi, ii-ports zezixhobo ezingafunekiyo kunye neekhonkco ziya kuvulwa, ukuze inethiwekhi ibuyiselwe kwisimo esiqhelekileyo. Olu lawulo oluzenzekelayo luphunyezwa yiSpanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Iprotokholi yomthi onqamlezayo isebenza phakathi komaleko wokufikelela kunye nomaleko wesinki, kwaye embindini wayo kukho i-algorithm yomthi onqamlezayo esebenza kwibhulorho nganye enikwe amandla yi-STP, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuphepha ukubhida ii-loops xa kukho iindlela ezingafunekiyo. I-STP ikhetha indlela yedatha engcono yokuthumela imiyalezo kwaye ayivumeli ezo linki zingeyonxalenye yomthi onqamlezayo, ishiya indlela enye esebenzayo phakathi kwazo naziphi na ii-nodes ezimbini zenethiwekhi kwaye enye i-uplink iya kuvinjelwa.
I-STP ineenzuzo ezininzi: ilula, idibanisa kwaye idlale, kwaye ayifuni hlengahlengiso luninzi. Oomatshini abakwi-pod nganye bakwi-VLAN efanayo, ngoko ke iseva inokuhambisa indawo ngokungakhethiyo ngaphakathi kwi-pod ngaphandle kokutshintsha idilesi ye-IP kunye nesango.
Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zokudlulisela phambili ezihambelanayo azinakusetyenziswa yi-STP, nto leyo eya kuhlala ikhubaza iindlela ezingafunekiyo ngaphakathi kwe-VLAN.
1. Ukudibana kancinci kwe-topology. Xa i-topology yenethiwekhi itshintsha, i-spanning tree protocol ithatha imizuzwana engama-50-52 ukugqiba ukudibana kwe-topology.
2, ayinakubonelela ngomsebenzi wokulinganisela umthwalo. Xa kukho iluphu kwinethiwekhi, iprotokholi yomthi obanzi inokuvala iluphu kuphela, ukuze ikhonkco lingakwazi ukuthumela iipakethi zedatha, lichitha izixhobo zenethiwekhi.
Ukwenziwa kwee-intanethi kunye nemingeni yeTrafikhi eMpuma-Ntshona
Emva kowama-2010, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nokugcinwa kwazo, amaziko edatha aqala ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-virtualization, kwaye inani elikhulu leematshini ezibonakalayo laqala ukubonakala kwinethiwekhi. Itekhnoloji ye-virtual iguqula iseva ibe ziiseva ezininzi ezinengqondo, i-VM nganye inokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo, ine-OS yayo, i-APP, idilesi yayo ye-MAC ezimeleyo kunye nedilesi ye-IP, kwaye ziqhagamshela kwi-entity yangaphandle nge-virtual switch (vSwitch) ngaphakathi kwiseva.
Ukwenziwa kwe-Virtualization kunemfuneko ehambelanayo: ukufuduka okuphilayo kwee-virtual machines, ukukwazi ukuhambisa inkqubo yee-virtual machines ukusuka kwi-server enye ebonakalayo ukuya kwenye ngelixa kugcinwa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweenkonzo kwii-virtual machines. Le nkqubo ayinandaba nabasebenzisi bokugqibela, abalawuli banokwabela izixhobo ze-server ngokulula, okanye balungise kwaye baphucule ii-servers ezibonakalayo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwabasebenzisi.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba inkonzo ayiphazanyiswa ngexesha lokufuduka, kufuneka ukuba kungekuphela nje idilesi ye-IP yomatshini obonakalayo engatshintshiyo, kodwa kwanemeko yokusebenza komatshini obonakalayo (njengemeko yeseshoni ye-TCP) kufuneka igcinwe ngexesha lokufuduka, ngoko ke ukufuduka okunamandla komatshini obonakalayo kunokwenziwa kuphela kwidomeyini efanayo yomaleko wesi-2, kodwa kungekhona kuyo yonke ukufuduka kwedomeyini yomaleko wesi-2. Oku kudala imfuneko yeedomeyini ezinkulu ze-L2 ukusuka kumaleko wokufikelela ukuya kumaleko ongundoqo.
Indawo yokwahlula phakathi kwe-L2 kunye ne-L3 kuyilo lwenethiwekhi enkulu ye-layer 2 yendabuko ikwi-core switch, kwaye iziko ledatha elingaphantsi kwe-core switch liyi-domain epheleleyo yokusasaza, oko kukuthi, inethiwekhi ye-L2. Ngale ndlela, inokuqonda ukungakhethi cala kokuthunyelwa kwesixhobo kunye nokufuduka kwendawo, kwaye ayidingi ukutshintsha uqwalaselo lwe-IP kunye ne-gateway. Iinethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo ze-L2 (ii-VLan) zihanjiswa nge-core switches. Nangona kunjalo, i-core switch phantsi kolu lwakhiwo kufuneka igcine itafile enkulu ye-MAC kunye ne-ARP, ebeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zekhono le-core switch. Ukongeza, i-Access Switch (TOR) ikwanciphisa ubungakanani benethiwekhi yonke. Ezi ekugqibeleni zinciphisa ubungakanani benethiwekhi, ukwandiswa kwenethiwekhi kunye nokukwazi ukunwebeka, ingxaki yokulibaziseka kuzo zonke iileya ezintathu zokuhlela, ayinakuhlangabezana neemfuno zeshishini elizayo.
Kwelinye icala, ithrafikhi esuka empuma ukuya entshona eziswa bubuchwepheshe be-virtualization ikwazisa imingeni kwinethiwekhi yendabuko enamaleko amathathu. Ithrafikhi yeziko ledatha inokwahlulwa ngokubanzi ibe zezi ndidi zilandelayo:
Ithrafikhi esuka emantla ukuya emazantsi:Ithrafikhi phakathi kwabathengi abangaphandle kwesikhungo sedatha kunye neseva yeziko ledatha, okanye ithrafikhi esuka kwiseva yeziko ledatha ukuya kwi-Intanethi.
Itrafikhi esuka empuma ukuya entshona:Itrafikhi phakathi kweeseva ngaphakathi kwiziko ledatha, kunye netrafikhi phakathi kwamaziko edatha ahlukeneyo, njengokubuyiselwa kwentlekele phakathi kwamaziko edatha, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamafu abucala nakawonkewonke.
Ukwaziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-virtualization kwenza ukusasazwa kwezicelo kusasazeke ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye "isiphumo esibi" kukuba ithrafikhi esuka empuma ukuya entshona iyanda.
Uyilo lwemveli olunemigangatho emithathu ludla ngokwenzelwa ukuhamba kwabantu ukusuka eMntla ukuya eMzantsi.Nangona ingasetyenziselwa ukuhamba ngezithuthi ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona, ekugqibeleni isenokungasebenzi njengoko kufuneka.
Uyilo lwendabuko olunemigangatho emithathu ngokuchasene noyilo lweSpine-Leaf
Kwisakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu, ithrafikhi esuka empuma ukuya entshona kufuneka idluliselwe ngezixhobo ezikwi-aggregation kunye ne-core layers. Idlula ngokungeyomfuneko kwiindawo ezininzi. (Iseva -> Ukufikelela -> Ukuhlanganisa -> I-Core Switch -> Ukuhlanganisa -> I-Access Switch -> Iseva)
Ngoko ke, ukuba inani elikhulu leetrafikhi ezivela empuma-ntshona ziqhutywa ngoyilo lwenethiwekhi olunemigangatho emithathu, izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwi-switch port efanayo zinokukhuphisana nge-bandwidth, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amaxesha okuphendula angabi mahle afunyanwa ngabasebenzisi bokugqibela.
Iingxaki zoyilo lwenethiwekhi yendabuko enamaleko amathathu
Kuyabonakala ukuba uyilo lwenethiwekhi yendabuko enamaleko amathathu luneentsilelo ezininzi:
Inkunkuma ye-bandwidth:Ukuthintela ukujikeleza, iprotocol ye-STP idla ngokusebenza phakathi komaleko wokudibanisa kunye nomaleko wokufikelela, ukuze i-uplink enye kuphela yeswitshi yokufikelela ithwale ithrafikhi, kwaye ezinye ii-uplink ziya kuthintelwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-bandwidth ichitheke.
Ubunzima ekubekweni kwenethiwekhi enkulu:Ngokwandiswa kwesikali senethiwekhi, amaziko edatha asasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi, oomatshini ababonakalayo kufuneka benziwe kwaye bafuduselwe naphi na, kwaye iimpawu zabo zenethiwekhi ezifana needilesi ze-IP kunye neengcango azitshintshi, nto leyo efuna inkxaso ye-fat Layer 2. Kwisakhiwo sendabuko, akukho fuduko inokwenziwa.
Ukunqongophala kwezithuthi ezivela eMpuma-Ntshona:Uyilo lwenethiwekhi olunemigangatho emithathu luyilelwe ikakhulu ithrafikhi yaseMntla-Mzantsi, nangona ikwaxhasa ithrafikhi yasempuma-ntshona, kodwa iziphene ziyabonakala. Xa ithrafikhi yasempuma-ntshona inkulu, uxinzelelo kumaleko okuhlanganisa kunye notshintsho lomaleko oyintloko luya kwanda kakhulu, kwaye ubungakanani kunye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi kuya kunqunyelwa kumaleko okuhlanganisa kunye nomaleko oyintloko.
Oku kwenza amashishini awele kwingxaki yeendleko kunye nokukhula:Ukuxhasa iinethiwekhi ezinkulu ezisebenza kakuhle kufuna inani elikhulu lezixhobo zokudibanisa kunye nezixhobo zomaleko oyintloko, nto leyo engagcini nje ngokuzisa iindleko eziphezulu kumashishini, kodwa ikwafuna ukuba inethiwekhi mayicwangciswe kwangaphambili xa kusakhiwa inethiwekhi. Xa isikali senethiwekhi sincinci, siya kubangela inkcitho yezixhobo, kwaye xa isikali senethiwekhi siqhubeka nokukhula, kunzima ukwanda.
Uyilo lweNethiwekhi yeSpine-Leaf
Yintoni uyilo lwenethiwekhi yeSpine-Leaf?
Ukuphendula kwiingxaki ezingasentla,Kuvele uyilo olutsha lweziko ledatha, uyilo lwenethiwekhi yeSpine-Leaf, olubizwa ngokuba yinethiwekhi ye-leaf ridge.
Njengoko igama lisitsho, uyilo lune-Spine layer kunye ne-Leaf layer, kuquka ii-spine switches kunye nee-leaf switches.
Uyilo lweSpine-Leaf
Iswitshi nganye yegqabi iqhagamshelwe kuzo zonke iiswitshi zemiqolo, ezingaqhagamshelwanga ngokuthe ngqo, nto leyo eyenza i-topology egcwele i-mesh.
Kwi-spine-and-leaf, uqhagamshelo oluvela kwiServer enye ukuya kwenye ludlula kwinani elifanayo lezixhobo (Server -> Leaf -> Spine Switch -> Leaf Switch -> Server), oluqinisekisa ukubambezeleka okuqikelelweyo. Kuba ipakethi kufuneka idlule kwi-spine enye nelinye igqabi ukuze ifikelele kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
Isebenza njani iSpine-Leaf?
Iswitshi yeLeaf: Ilingana neswitshi yokufikelela kwisakhiwo sendabuko esinezitezi ezintathu kwaye iqhagamshela ngqo kwiseva ebonakalayo njenge-TOR (Top Of Rack). Umahluko ngeswitshi yokufikelela kukuba indawo yokumisa inethiwekhi ye-L2/L3 ngoku ikwiswitshi yeLeaf. Iswitshi yeLeaf ingaphezulu kwenethiwekhi enezitezi ezi-3, kwaye iswitshi yeLeaf ingaphantsi kwedomeyini yosasazo ye-L2 ezimeleyo, esombulula ingxaki ye-BUM yenethiwekhi enkulu enezitezi ezi-2. Ukuba iiseva ezimbini zeLeaf zifuna ukunxibelelana, kufuneka zisebenzise i-L3 routing kwaye ziyidlulisele phambili ngeswitshi yeSpine.
I-Spine Switch: Ilingana ne-core switch. I-ECMP (Equal Cost Multi Path) isetyenziselwa ukukhetha iindlela ezininzi phakathi kwe-Spine kunye ne-Leaf switches. Umahluko kukuba i-Spine ngoku ibonelela ngenethiwekhi ye-L3 ehlala iqinile kwi-Leaf switch, ngoko ke i-traffic yeziko ledatha ukusuka kumntla ukuya kumzantsi inokuhanjiswa ukusuka kwi-Spine switch endaweni yokuba ihanjwe ngokuthe ngqo. I-traffic ukusuka kumntla ukuya kumzantsi inokuhanjiswa ukusuka kwi-edge switch ehambelana ne-Leaf switch ukuya kwi-WAN router.
Uthelekiso phakathi koyilo lwenethiwekhi yeSpine/Leaf kunye noyilo lwenethiwekhi yendabuko enamaleko amathathu
Iingenelo zeSpine-Leaf
Iflethi:Uyilo oluthe tyaba lufinyeza indlela yonxibelelwano phakathi kweeseva, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-latency iphantsi, nto leyo enokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwesicelo kunye nenkonzo.
Ukukhula kakuhle:xa i-bandwidth inganelanga, ukwandisa inani lee-ridge switches kunokwandisa i-bandwidth ngokuthe tye. Xa inani lee-servers lisanda, singongeza ii-leaf switches ukuba uxinano lwe-port alwanelanga.
Ukuncitshiswa kweendleko: Itrafikhi eya emantla nasezantsi, nokuba iphuma kwiindawo ezinamaqhuqhuva okanye iphuma kwiindawo ezinamaqhuqhuva. Ukuhamba kweendlela ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona, kusasazwe kwiindlela ezininzi. Ngale ndlela, inethiwekhi yeendawo ezinamaqhuqhuva ingasebenzisa iiswitshi zoqwalaselo oluzinzileyo ngaphandle kwesidingo seeswitshi ezibizayo zemodyuli, ize inciphise iindleko.
Ukuthintela ukuxinana okuphantsi kunye nokungaxinani kakuhle:Ukuhamba kwedatha kwinethiwekhi yeLeaf ridge kunenani elifanayo lee-hops kwinethiwekhi kungakhathaliseki ukuba ivela phi na indawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kwaye naziphi na iiseva ezimbini ziLeaf - >Spine - >Leaf three-hops ezinokufikeleleka enye kwenye. Oku kuseka indlela yethrafikhi ethe ngqo, ephucula ukusebenza kwaye inciphise imiqobo.
Ukhuseleko Oluphezulu kunye nokuFumaneka:Iprotocol ye-STP isetyenziswa kuyilo lwenethiwekhi olunemigangatho emithathu, kwaye xa isixhobo siphosakele, siya kuphinda sibuyele kwimo yaso, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi okanye ukusilela kwayo. Kuyilo lwe-leaf-ridge, xa isixhobo siphosakele, akukho mfuneko yokuphinda sibuyele kwimo yaso, kwaye ithrafikhi iyaqhubeka nokudlula kwezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo. Uqhagamshelo lwenethiwekhi aluchaphazeleki, kwaye i-bandwidth incitshiswa yindlela enye kuphela, enempembelelo encinci yokusebenza.
Ukulinganisela umthwalo nge-ECMP kufanelekile kwiindawo apho kusetyenziswa khona amaqonga olawulo lwenethiwekhi aphakathi afana ne-SDN. I-SDN ivumela ukwenza kube lula ukucwangciswa, ulawulo kunye nokutshintshwa kwendlela yethrafikhi xa kuthe kwavalwa okanye kwasilela ikhonkco, okwenza i-topology ye-mesh epheleleyo eqiqileyo ibe yindlela elula yokumisela nokulawula.
Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lweSpine-Leaf lunemida ethile:
Enye ingxaki kukuba inani leeswitshi liyandisa ubungakanani benethiwekhi. Iziko ledatha loyilo lwenethiwekhi ye-leaf ridge kufuneka lonyuse iiswitshi kunye nezixhobo zenethiwekhi ngokulinganayo nenani labathengi. Njengoko inani leehost lisanda, kufuneka inani elikhulu leeswitshi zamagqabi ukuze kuqhagamshelwe kwiswitshi ye-ridge.
Ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo kweeswitshi ze-ridge kunye ne-leaf kufuna ukufana, kwaye ngokubanzi, umlinganiselo we-bandwidth ofanelekileyo phakathi kweeswitshi ze-leaf kunye ne-ridge awunakudlula i-3:1.
Umzekelo, kukho ii-client ezingama-48 ze-10Gbps rate kwi-leaf switch ezinomthamo we-port opheleleyo we-480Gb/s. Ukuba ii-port ezine ze-40G uplink ze-leaf switch nganye ziqhagamshelwe kwi-40G ridge switch, iya kuba nomthamo we-uplink we-160Gb/s. Umlinganiselo yi-480:160, okanye i-3:1. Ii-uplinks zeziko ledatha zihlala ziyi-40G okanye i-100G kwaye zinokufuduswa ngokuhamba kwexesha ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ye-40G (Nx 40G) ukuya kwi-100G (Nx 100G). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-uplink kufuneka ihlale isebenza ngokukhawuleza kune-downlink ukuze ingavimbi i-port link.
Iinethiwekhi zeSpine-Leaf nazo zinemfuneko yocingo olucacileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-node nganye yegqabi kufuneka iqhagamshelwe kwiswitshi nganye yomqolo, kufuneka sibeke iintambo ezingaphezulu ze-copper okanye ze-fiber optic. Umgama woqhagamshelwano unyusa iindleko. Ngokuxhomekeke kumgama phakathi kweeswitshi ezidibeneyo, inani leemodyuli ze-optical eziphezulu ezifunekayo kwi-Spine-Leaf architecture liphezulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunelo le-architecture yendabuko enamanqanaba amathathu, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zokusasazwa ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kukhokelele ekukhuleni kwemarike ye-optical module, ngakumbi kwiimodyuli ze-optical ezikhawulezayo ezifana ne-100G kunye ne-400G.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-26-2026
