Khawuthelekelele uvula i-imeyile ebonakala iqhelekile, uze ufike kwi-akhawunti yakho yebhanki ingenanto. Okanye ukhangela i-intanethi xa isikrini sakho sitshixa kwaye kuvela umyalezo wentlawulelo. Ezi zigcawu azizo iimuvi zesayensi, kodwa zimizekelo yokwenyani yokuhlaselwa kwi-intanethi. Kule xesha le-intanethi yayo yonke into, i-intanethi ayisiyo nje ibhulorho elula, kodwa ikwayindawo yokuzingela abaphangi. Ukusuka kubumfihlo bomntu ukuya kwiimfihlo zenkampani ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuhlaselwa kwi-intanethi kukho kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye amandla abo obuqili nawokutshabalalisa ayasimangalisa. Zeziphi izihlaselo ezisongelayo? Zisebenza njani, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe ntoni ngazo? Makhe sijonge ezisibhozo zezona zihlaselo zixhaphakileyo kwi-intanethi, ezikusa kwihlabathi eliqhelekileyo nelingaziwayo.

I-Malware

1. Yintoni iMalware? IMalware yinkqubo enobungozi eyenzelwe ukonakalisa, ukuba, okanye ukulawula inkqubo yomsebenzisi. Ingena ngokunyenya kwizixhobo zomsebenzisi ngeendlela ezibonakala zingenabungozi ezifana nezinamathiselo ze-imeyile, uhlaziyo lwesoftware olufihliweyo, okanye ukhuphelo lwewebhusayithi olungekho mthethweni. Nje ukuba isebenze, iMalware inokubamba ulwazi oluyimfihlo, ibethele idatha, icime iifayile, okanye iguqule isixhobo sibe "yipopi" yomhlaseli.

2. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ze-malware
Intsholongwane:Iqhotyoshelwe kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni, emva kokuqhuba, ukuziphindaphinda, ukosuleleka kwezinye iifayile, okubangela ukwehla kokusebenza kwenkqubo okanye ukulahleka kwedatha.
Impethu:Ingasasazeka ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomgcini. Kuqhelekile ukuba isasazeke ngokwayo ngokusebenzisa ubuthathaka benethiwekhi kwaye isebenzise izixhobo zenethiwekhi. ITrojan: Ukuzenza isoftware esemthethweni yokukhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuba bafake ucango lwangasemva olunokulawula izixhobo kude okanye lube idatha.
I-Spyware:Ukubeka esweni ngasese indlela abasebenzisi abaziphatha ngayo, ukurekhoda amaqhosha okanye imbali yokukhangela, okusetyenziswa rhoqo ukuba iiphasiwedi kunye nolwazi lweakhawunti yebhanki.
I-Ransomware:Ukutshixa isixhobo okanye idatha efihliweyo ukuze ihlawulwe ibe yinto exhaphakileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

3. Ukusasazwa Nokwenzakaliswa kweMalware kudla ngokusasazeka ngemidiya ebonakalayo efana nee-imeyile ze-phishing, i-Malvertising, okanye izitshixo ze-USB. Umonakalo ungabandakanya ukuvuza kwedatha, ukusilela kwenkqubo, ilahleko yemali, kwanokulahlekelwa ludumo lwenkampani. Umzekelo, i-malware ye-Emotet ka-2020 yaba yingxaki enkulu yokhuseleko lweshishini ngokosulela izigidi zezixhobo kwihlabathi liphela ngamaxwebhu e-Office afihliweyo.

4. Amaqhinga okuthintela
• Faka kwaye uhlaziye rhoqo isoftware yokulwa neentsholongwane ukuze uskene iifayile ezikrokrelekayo.
• Kuphephe ukucofa kwiikhonkco ezingaziwayo okanye ukukhuphela isoftware kwimithombo engaziwayo.
• Gcina idatha ebalulekileyo rhoqo ukuze uthintele ilahleko ezingalungisekiyo ezibangelwa yi-ransomware.
• Vumela ii-firewall ukuba zithintele ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi okungagunyaziswanga.

I-Ransomware

1. Indlela esebenza ngayo iRansomware IRansomware luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-malware oluvala ngokukodwa isixhobo somsebenzisi okanye lubethele idatha ebalulekileyo (umz., amaxwebhu, iidathabheyisi, ikhowudi yomthombo) ukuze ixhoba lingakwazi ukufikelela kuyo. Abahlaseli badla ngokufuna intlawulo kwii-cryptocurrencies ezinzima ukuzilandela ezifana ne-bitcoin, kwaye basongela ngokutshabalalisa idatha ngonaphakade ukuba intlawulo ayenziwanga.

2. Amatyala aqhelekileyo
Uhlaselo lweColonial Pipeline ngo-2021 lwamangalisa ihlabathi. I-DarkSide ransomware yafihla inkqubo yolawulo lombhobho omkhulu wamafutha kuNxweme oluseMpuma ye-United States, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ukunikezelwa kwamafutha kuphazamiseke kwaye abahlaseli bafuna intlawulelo ye-$4.4 yezigidi. Esi siganeko satyhila ubuthathaka beziseko ezibalulekileyo kwi-ransomware.

3. Kutheni i-ransomware iyingozi kangaka?
Ukufihla okuphezulu: I-Ransomware idla ngokusasazeka ngobunjineli bezentlalo (umz., ukuzenza ii-imeyile ezisemthethweni), okwenza kube nzima kubasebenzisi ukuzifumana.
Ukusasazwa ngokukhawuleza: Ngokusebenzisa ubuthathaka benethiwekhi, i-ransomware inokosulela ngokukhawuleza izixhobo ezininzi ngaphakathi kwishishini.
Ukulungiswa okunzima: Ngaphandle kwekopi egciniweyo esebenzayo, ukuhlawula intlawulelo kusenokuba lolona khetho luphela, kodwa kusenokungabi lula ukufumana idatha emva kokuhlawula intlawulelo.

4. Amanyathelo okuzikhusela
• Gcina idatha rhoqo ungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ebalulekileyo inokubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza.
• Inkqubo yokuFumanisa nokuPhendula (EDR) isetyenzisiwe ukuze ijonge ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga ngexesha langempela.
• Qeqesha abasebenzi ukuba babone ii-imeyile ze-phishing ukuze zingabi zii-vector zohlaselo.
• Ukuthintela iinkqubo zekhompyutha kunye nesoftware ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungena.

Ukuphanga nge-Intanethi

1. Uhlobo lwePhishing
I-Phishing luhlobo lohlaselo lobunjineli bentlalo apho umhlaseli, ezenza umntu othembekileyo (njengebhanki, iqonga le-e-commerce, okanye umntu asebenza naye), ebangela ixhoba ukuba lityhile ulwazi oluyimfihlo (olufana namagama ayimfihlo, iinombolo zekhadi letyala) okanye licofe kwikhonkco elinobungozi nge-imeyile, umyalezo obhaliweyo, okanye umyalezo okhawulezileyo.

2. Iifom eziqhelekileyo
• Ubuxoki nge-imeyile: Ii-imeyile ezisemthethweni ezingezizo eze-elektroniki ukuze zitsale abasebenzisi ukuba bangene kwiwebhusayithi ezingezizo kwaye bafake iziqinisekiso zabo.
I-Spear Phishing: Uhlaselo olulungiselelwe umntu othile okanye iqela elithile elinezinga eliphezulu lempumelelo.
• Ukutshaya: Ukuthumela izaziso zobuxoki ngemiyalezo ebhaliweyo ukuze utsale abasebenzisi ukuba bacofe kwiikhonkco ezinobungozi.
• Ukucinga: ukuzenza umntu onegunya ngefowuni ukuze afumane ulwazi oluyimfihlo.

3. Iingozi kunye neziphumo
Uhlaselo lwe-phishing lubiza kancinci kwaye kulula ukuluqalisa, kodwa lunokubangela ilahleko enkulu. Ngo-2022, ilahleko zemali zehlabathi ngenxa yohlaselo lwe-phishing zifikelele kwiibhiliyoni zeerandi, ezibandakanya iiakhawunti zomntu ezibiweyo, ukwaphulwa kwedatha yeenkampani, nokunye.

4. Amaqhinga okujamelana neengxaki
• Jonga kabini idilesi yomthumeli ukuze ubone ukuba akukho magama angaqhelekanga okanye amagama eedomeyini angaqhelekanga.
• Nika amandla ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezininzi (i-MFA) ukunciphisa umngcipheko nokuba amagama agqithisiweyo achaphazeleka.
• Sebenzisa izixhobo zokulwa ne-phishing ukuze uhluze ii-imeyile kunye namakhonkco anobungozi.
• Qhuba uqeqesho lokwazisa ngokhuseleko rhoqo ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqapha kwabasebenzi.

Umngcipheko Oqhubekayo Oqhubekekayo (APT)

1. Inkcazo ye-APT

Usongelo oluqhubekayo oluqhubekekayo (i-APT) luhlaselo lwe-intanethi oluntsonkothileyo noluhlala ixesha elide, oludla ngokwenziwa ngamaqela e-hacker akwinqanaba likarhulumente okanye amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlaselo lwe-APT lunethagethi ecacileyo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokwenza ngokwezifiso. Abahlaseli bangena ngamanqanaba amaninzi baze balinde ixesha elide ukuze babe idatha eyimfihlo okanye bonakalise inkqubo.

2. Ukuhamba kohlaselo
Ukungenelela kokuqala:Ukufumana ukungena nge-phishing emails, exploits, okanye supply chain attacks.
Misela indawo:Faka iingcango zangasemva ukuze ugcine ukufikelela ixesha elide.
Intshukumo esecaleni:ukusasazeka ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ekujoliswe kuyo ukuze kufunyanwe igunya eliphezulu.
Ubusela beDatha:Ukukhupha ulwazi oluyimfihlo olufana nepropathi yobukrelekrele okanye amaxwebhu esicwangciso-qhinga.
Gquma umkhondo:Cima i-log ukuze ufihle uhlaselo.

3. Amatyala aqhelekileyo
Uhlaselo lweSolarWinds ngo-2020 yayiluhlaselo lwe-APT oluqhelekileyo apho abaphangi batyala ikhowudi enobungozi ngohlaselo lwe-supply chain, oluchaphazela amawaka amashishini kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente kwihlabathi liphela kwaye beba idatha eninzi eyimfihlo.

4. Amanqaku okuzikhusela
• Sebenzisa inkqubo yokubona ukungena (i-IDS) ukuze ijonge ithrafikhi engaqhelekanga yenethiwekhi.
• Sebenzisa umgaqo welungelo elincinci ukuze unciphise intshukumo ecaleni yabahlaseli.
• Yenza uhlolo lokhuseleko rhoqo ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho abantu abanokuba ngasemva.
• Sebenzisana namaqonga olwazi ngezoyikiso ukuze ubambe iindlela zamva nje zokuhlasela.

Indoda kuHlaselo oluPhakathi (iMITM)

1. Zisebenza njani iintlaselo zabantu abaphakathi?
Uhlaselo lomntu ophakathi (i-MITM) luthetha ukuba umhlaseli ufaka, abambe, aze alawule uthumelo lwedatha phakathi kwamaqela amabini anxibelelanayo ngaphandle kokuba yena azi ngalo nto. Umhlaseli unokuba ulwazi oluyimfihlo, atshintshe idatha, okanye azenze umntu ongomnye ngenxa yobuqhetseba.

2. Iifom eziqhelekileyo
• Ukukhwabanisa nge-Wi-Fi: Abahlaseli benza iindawo zobuxoki ze-Wi-Fi ukuze bakhuthaze abasebenzisi ukuba baqhagamshelane ukuze babe idatha.
Ukuphanga i-DNS: ukuphazamisa imibuzo ye-DNS ukuze uqondise abasebenzisi kwiwebhusayithi ezinobungozi.
• Ukubiwa kwe-SSL: Ukwenziwa kweziqinisekiso ze-SSL ezifihlakeleyo ukuze kuthintelwe ithrafikhi efihliweyo.
• Ukubiwa kwee-imeyile: Ukuthintela nokuphazamisa umxholo wee-imeyile.

3. Iingozi
Uhlaselo lwe-MITM lubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kwiinkqubo zebhanki ezikwi-intanethi, urhwebo lwe-e-commerce, kunye neenkqubo zokunxibelelana ngefowuni, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwiiakhawunti ezibiweyo, ukuthengiselana okuphazamisayo, okanye ukuvezwa konxibelelwano oluyimfihlo.

4. Amanyathelo okuthintela
• Sebenzisa iiwebhusayithi ze-HTTPS ukuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lufihliwe.
• Kuphephe ukunxibelelana ne-Wi-Fi kawonkewonke okanye ukusebenzisa i-VPNS ukubethela ithrafikhi.
• Nika amandla inkonzo yokusombulula i-DNS ekhuselekileyo efana ne-DNSSEC.
• Jonga ukuba izatifikethi ze-SSL zisebenza na kwaye uqaphele izilumkiso ezingaqhelekanga.

Inaliti ye-SQL

1. Indlela yokujova i-SQL
I-SQL injection luhlaselo lwe-code injection apho umhlaseli efaka iingxelo ze-SQL ezinobungozi kwiindawo zokufaka zesicelo seWebhu (umz., ibhokisi yokungena, ibha yokukhangela) ukuze akhohlise isiseko sedatha ukuba senze imiyalelo engekho mthethweni, ngaloo ndlela sibe, siphazamise okanye sicime idatha.

2. Umgaqo woHlaselo
Cinga ngombuzo olandelayo we-SQL kwifomu yokungena:

Umhlaseli ungena:

Umbuzo uba:

Oku kuyawugqitha uqinisekiso kwaye kuvumela umhlaseli ukuba angene.

3. Iingozi

Ukufakwa kwe-SQL kunokukhokelela ekuvuthweni komxholo wedathabheyisi, ukubiwa kweziqinisekiso zomsebenzisi, okanye nokuba kuthathwe iinkqubo zonke. Ukwaphulwa kwedatha ye-Equifax ngo-2017 kwanxulunyaniswa nobuthathaka bokufakwa kwe-SQL obuchaphazele ulwazi lomntu siqu lwabasebenzisi abazizigidi ezili-147.

4. Ukuzikhusela
• Sebenzisa imibuzo esekwe kwiparameter okanye iingxelo eziqokelelwe kwangaphambili ukuze uphephe ukudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo igalelo lomsebenzisi.
• Sebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kokufakwayo kunye nokucoca ukuze ukwale oonobumba abangaqhelekanga.
• Ukuthintela iimvume zedathabheyisi ukuthintela abahlaseli ekwenzeni izenzo eziyingozi.
• Skena rhoqo ii-applications zeWebhu ukuze ubone ukuba azinabungozi kwaye ulungise iingozi zokhuseleko.

Uhlaselo lwe-DDoS

1. Uhlobo lohlaselo lwe-DDoS
Uhlaselo lweDistributed Denial of Service (DDoS) luthumela izicelo ezinkulu kwiseva ekujoliswe kuyo ngokulawula inani elikhulu lee-bots, ezisebenzisa i-bandwidth yayo, izixhobo zeseshoni okanye amandla ekhompyutha, kwaye zenze abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo bangakwazi ukufikelela kwinkonzo.

2. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo
• Uhlaselo lwetrafikhi: ukuthumela inani elikhulu leepakethi kunye nokuvala i-bandwidth yenethiwekhi.
• Uhlaselo lweprotocol: Sebenzisa ubuthathaka beprotocol yeTCP/IP ekukhupheni izixhobo zeseshoni yeseva.
• Uhlaselo lwe-Application-layer: Yenza ii-Web servers zingabi namdla ngokuzenza izicelo zomsebenzisi ezisemthethweni.

3. Amatyala aqhelekileyo
Uhlaselo lweDyn DDoS ngo-2016 lusebenzise iMirai botnet ukutshabalalisa iiwebhusayithi ezininzi eziphambili kuquka iTwitter kunye neNetflix, nto leyo egxininisa umngcipheko wokhuseleko lwezixhobo ze-iot.

4. Amaqhinga okujamelana neengxaki
• Sebenzisa iinkonzo zokukhusela i-DDoS ukuze ucofe ithrafikhi enobungozi.
• Sebenzisa inethiwekhi yokuhanjiswa komxholo (i-CDN) ukusasaza ithrafikhi.
• Lungiselela ii-load balancers ukuze kwandiswe amandla okucubungula iseva.
• Jonga ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ukuze ufumane kwaye uphendule kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga ngexesha.

Izisongelo Zangaphakathi

1. Inkcazo yoMngcipheko wangaphakathi

Izisongelo zangaphakathi zivela kubasebenzisi abagunyazisiweyo (umz., abasebenzi, abakhi) ngaphakathi kwintlangano abanokuthi basebenzise kakubi amalungelo abo ngenxa yobubi, ukungakhathali, okanye ukuqhutywa ngabahlaseli bangaphandle, okubangela ukuvuza kwedatha okanye umonakalo kwinkqubo.

2. Uhlobo lweSoyikiso

• Abantu abafihlakeleyo abanobungozi: Ukuba idatha ngabom okanye ukuphazamisa iinkqubo ukuze bafumane inzuzo.

• Abasebenzi abangakhathaliyo: Ngenxa yokungazi kakuhle ngokhuseleko, ukusebenza gwenxa kukhokelela ekubeni abantu bangakwazi ukuzikhusela.

• Iiakhawunti ezibiweyo: Abahlaseli balawula iiakhawunti zangaphakathi ngokusebenzisa ubuqhetseba okanye ubusela beziqinisekiso.

3. Iingozi

Izisongelo zangaphakathi kunzima ukuzibona kwaye zinokudlula kwii-firewalls zemveli kunye neenkqubo zokufumanisa ukungena. Ngo-2021, inkampani yetekhnoloji eyaziwayo yalahlekelwa ngamakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngenxa yokuvuza kwekhowudi yomthombo yabasebenzi bangaphakathi.

4. Amanyathelo Okuzikhusela Aqinileyo

• Sebenzisa uyilo lwe-zero-trust kwaye uqinisekise zonke izicelo zokufikelela.

• Jonga indlela umsebenzisi aziphethe ngayo ukuze abone imisebenzi engaqhelekanga.

• Qhuba uqeqesho lokhuseleko rhoqo ukuze kuphuculwe ulwazi lwabasebenzi.

• Nciphisa ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha eziyimfihlo ukuze unciphise umngcipheko wokuvuza.

Ixesha leposi: Meyi-26-2025

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