Namhlanje, siza kuqala ngokujonga kwi-TCP. Kwangoko kwisahluko sokuhombisa, sakhankanya inqaku elibalulekileyo. Kumbhalo wenethiwekhi kwaye ngezantsi, inkulu malunga ne-ndwendwe ukuba lilunxibelelani, oko kuthetha ukuba ikhompyuter yakho kufuneka yazi enye ikhompyuter yakho ukuze enye ikhompyuter ifanelekile ukuyiqhagamshele kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano kwinethiwekhi luhlala ludlulela kunxibelelwano kunokuba lunxibelelwano lwe-intermachine. Ke ngoko, i-throcol ye-TCP yazisa umxholo wezibuko. Izibuko lingahlala lenkqubo enye kuphela, elinikezela ngonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kweenkqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kwiinginginya ezahlukeneyo.
Umsebenzi wohlobo lothutho yindlela yokubonelela ngeenkonzo zonxibelelwano ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kweenkqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kwiinginginya ezahlukeneyo, oko kwabizwa ngokuba yiProt-protocol yokuphela. Umaleko wothutho uzifihla iinkcukacha eziphambili zenethiwekhi, ukuvumela inkqubo yokwenza isicelo ukuze ubone ukuba kukho ijelo lonxibelelwano oluphezulu lokuphela kwendawo yokuphela kwezothutho.
I-TCP imele iProtokholi yoLawulo loTyelelo kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yi-protocol egxile kunxibelelwano. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphambi kokuba isicelo esinye siqale ngokuthumela idatha kwenye, ezi nkqubo zimbini kufuneka zenze isandla. I-Handhake yinkqubo exhunyiweyo eqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kunye nokwamkelwa ngokulandelelana kwedatha. Ngexesha lokubhukuqa ngesandla, unxibelelwano lusekwe phakathi komthombo kunye neqela lokuya kwindawo yokutshintsha uthotho lweepakethi zolawulo kunye nokuvuma kwimigaqo ethile kunye nemithetho yokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngempumelelo.
Yintoni i-TCP? (I-Conling'sI-Network yenethiwekhikwayeIpakethi yenethiwekhi yenethiwekhiUngacwangcisa zombini iipakethi ze-TCP okanye iipakethi ze-UDP)
I-TCP (iProtokholi yoLawulo lokuHambisa) ngunxibelelwano oluqinisekisiweyo, oluthembekileyo, lwe-Byte -am lezothutho.
Unxibelelwano olujolise kuyo: Ebekwe kunxibelelwano kuthetha ukuba unxibelelwano lwe-TCP lumntu, oko kukuthi, ukuphelisa ukuphela kwendawo, engafaniyo ne-UDP, enokuthumela imiyalezo kwiqela elinye, ngokunjalo nonxibelelwano oluninzi alunakuphunyezwa.
Inokuthenjwa: Ukuthembeka kwe-TCP kuqinisekisa ukuba iipakethi zithunyelwa ngokuthembekileyo kumvuzo ngaphandle kotshintsho kwikhonkco lenethiwekhi, elenza ifomathi yePoct yeProtocol ye-TCP ngaphezulu kwe-UDP.
I-Byte-School-esekwe: Ubume obusekwe kwi-Byte-ye-Byte-ye-Byte-ye-Byte-ye-Byte -
Nje ukuba ubambe kwaye ubambe i-B sele useke uqhagamshelo, isicelo kufuneka sisebenzise umgca wonxibelelwano olubonakalayo ukuthumela kunye nokufumana idatha, ngaloo ndlela ekuqinisekiseni ukosulelwa kwedatha. IProtokholi ye-TCP inoxanduva lokulawula imisebenzi efana nokusekwa konxibelelwano, ukunqunyulwa kunye nokubamba. Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba apha sitsho ukuba umgca obonakalayo kuphela uthetha kuphela uqhagamshelo, uqhagamshelo lwe-protocol ye-TCP kuphela ibonisa ukuba la macala mabini aqalise ukuhanjiswa kwedatha, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha. Iindlela zokuhamba kunye nezothutho ziphathwe zizixhobo zenethiwekhi; Iqhinga le-TCP ngokwalo alikhathalelwanga ezi nkcukacha.
Uqhagamshelo lwe-TCP yinkonzo ye-duppex egcweleyo, ethetha ukuba umgcini-mbambano u-B unokudlulisela idatha kuzo zombini iindlela zoqhagamshelo lwe-TCP. Oko kukuthi, idatha inokudluliselwa phakathi kwabambangi kwaye ibambe i-B kwi-Bidirectial.
I-TCP yethutyana igcina idatha kwi-uqhagamshelo yokuthumela i-buffer. Oku kuthumela i-buffer yenye yeendlela ezimiselweyo ngexesha le-handseke ezintathu. Emva koko, i-TCP iya kuthumela idatha kwi-cache ye-cache ukuya kwi-cache yokufumana umamkeli wendawo oya kuyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Xa uqhelisela, i-peeer nganye iya kuba ne-cache ye-cache kunye ne-cache, njengoko kubonisiwe apha:
Ukuthumela i-Buffer yindawo yememori egcinwe kukusetyenziswa kwe-TCP kwicala lomthumeli elisetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha yethutyana ithunyelwe. Xa izandla ezintathu zenziwa ukuseka uqhagamshelo, i-cache icwangcisiwe kwaye isetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha. I-Buffer ilungiswe ngokwasembulelo ngokwendlela yenethiwekhi kunye nengxelo evela kumamkeli.
I-buffer ifumana i-buffer yindawo yememori egcinwe kukusetyenziswa kwe-TCP kwicala lokufumana elisetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha efunyenweyo. I-TCP igcina idatha efunyenweyo kwi-cache kwaye ilinde isicelo esiphezulu ukuyifunda.
Qaphela ukuba ubungakanani bokuthumela i-cache kwaye ufumane i-cache ilinganiselwe, xa i-cache igcwele, i-TCP ingasamkela ezinye iindlela zokunxibelelana, ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ethembekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwenethiwekhi.
Kwinethiwekhi yekhompyuter, ukuhanjiswa kwedatha phakathi kweProny kwenziwa ngamacandelo. Ke leliphi icandelo lepakethi?
I-TCP idala isahlulo se-TCP, okanye isahlulo sepakethi, ngokwahlula-hlula umjelo ozayo kwii-chunks kwaye songeze izihloko ze-TCP kwi-chunk nganye kwi-chunk nganye. Icandelo ngalinye linokudluliselwa kuphela ixesha elincinci kwaye alinakudlula kubungakanani be-sagement ephezulu (i-MSS). Endleleni yayo, iqhekeza lepakethi ligqitha kwi-face. I-CANIN CARE ineyunithi yothumelo ephezulu (i-MTU), obungaphezulu kwepakethi ephezulu enokudlula kwikhonkco yekhonkco ledatha. Elona nani liphezulu lothumelo lihlala linxulumene nonxibelelwano lonxibelelwano.
Ke yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-MSS kunye neMTU?
Kwinethiwekhi yekhompyuter, uyilo lwe-hierarchical lubaluleke kakhulu kuba kuthathela ingqalelo umahluko phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Umaleko ngamnye unegama elahlukileyo; Kumaleko othutho, idatha ibizwa ngokuba licandelo, kwaye kwinethiwekhi yenethiwekhi, idatha ibizwa ngokuba yipakethi ye-IP. Ke ngoko, iyunithi ephezulu yokuhambisa (i-MTU) inokucingwa njengobukhulu bepakethi ye-IP enokudluliselwa ngumaleko wenethiwekhi, ngelixa ubukhulu becala i-Suped (i-MSS) yingcinga yedatha enokuthi idluliselwe kwipakethi ye-TCP ngexesha.
Qaphela ukuba xa ubukhulu becala iphezulu (i-MSS) inkulu kuneyona yunithi yothungelwano iphezulu (i-MTU), ukwahlulahlula i-IP kuya kwenziwa kwi-Netlement yenethiwekhi, kwaye i-TCP ayiyi kuqalisa idatha ye-MTU ilungele ubungakanani be-MTU. Kuya kubakho icandelo kwinethiwekhi enikezelwe kwi-IP.
Isakhiwo sePakethi yePakethi yeTCP
Masihlole ifomathi kunye neziqulatho zezihloko ze-TCP.
Inombolo yokulandelelana: Inombolo engahleliwe eveliswe yikhompyuter xa uxhulumaniso lusekwe njengexabiso layo lokuqala xa kuthunyelwa uxhulumaniso lwe-TCP, kwaye inombolo yokulandelelana ithunyelwe kwipakethi ye-syn. Ngexesha losasazo lwedatha, umthumeli unyuka ngenombolo yokulandelelana ngokwesixa sedatha ethunyelwe. Umamkeli ugweba i-odolo yedatha ngokwenombolo efunyenweyo. Ukuba idatha ifunyenwe ngaphandle ko-odolo, umamkeli uya kuphinda enze idatha ekuqinisekiseni iodolo yedatha.
Inombolo yeVenkile: Eli linani lokulandelelana elisetyenziswe kwi-TCP ukwamkela irisithi yedatha. Ibonisa inani lokulandelelana kwedatha elandelayo olindele ukuba ifumaneke. Kuluhlu lwe-TCP, umamkeli uthatha isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi idatha efunyenwe ngempumelelo ngokusekwe kwinani lokulandelelana kwenqanaba ledatha efunyenweyo. Xa umamkeli efumana idatha, ithumela ipakethi ye-ACK kumthumeli, iqulethe inombolo yokuvuma. Emva kokufumana ipakethi ye-ack, umthumeli unokuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ngaphambi kokuvuma inombolo yempendulo ifunyenwe ngempumelelo.
I-BITS yokuLawula yeCandelo le-TCP ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
I-ack bit: Xa le nto i-1, oko kuthetha ukuba iNkundla yokuGcina iNkampani iyasebenza. I-TCP icacisa ukuba le bit kufuneka isetelwe kwi-1 ngaphandle kweepakethi ze-Syn xa uxhulumaniso lusekwe kuqala.
I-RST: Xa le nto i-1, ibonisa ukuba kukho into engaqhelekanga kunxibelelwano lwe-TCP kwaye unxibelelwano kufuneka lunyanzelwe ukuba lunqunyulwe.
I-Syn bit: Xa oku kuncitshiswa kwe-1, kuthetha ukuba unxibelelwano luya kusekwa kwaye ixabiso lokuqala lenombolo yokulandelelana isetiwe kwicandelo lokulandelelana.
Nyibiliki: Xa le incinci i-1, oko kuthetha ukuba akukho datha iya kuthunyelwa kwixesha elizayo kwaye unxibelelwano lufunwa.
Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ze-TCP zikhutshiwe ngokwamanqanaba ePakethi ye-TCP.
Yintoni i-UDP? (I-rectI-Network yenethiwekhikwayeIpakethi yenethiwekhi yenethiwekhiUngacwangcisa zombini iipakethi ze-TCP okanye ze-UDP)
IProtokhoyili yomsebenzisi (i-UDP) ngumgaqo-nkqubo wonxibelelwano ononxibelelwano. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-TCP, i-UDP ayiboneleli ngeendlela zolawulo ezinzima. IProtocol ye-UDP ivumela i-ipps yokuthumela iipakethi ze-IP ezingena-IP ngaphandle kokuseka unxibelelwano. Xa uMqambi ukhetha ukusebenzisa i-idp endaweni ye-TCP, isicelo sonxibelelwano lunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo ne-IP.
Igama elipheleleyo le-UDP Iprotocol yeDatagraph yeDatagram, kwaye intloko yayo ziibhetri ezisibhozo kuphela (iibits ezingama-64), okufutshane kakhulu. Ifomathi yesihloko se-UDP imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Indawo yokuya kunye nePorts: Eyona njongo yabo iphambili kukubonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-UDP kufuneka ithumele iipakethi.
Ubungakanani bepakethiIbala lepakethi yepakethi libambe ubungakanani belihloko le-UDP kunye nobungakanani bedatha
Itsheki: Yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwezihloko ze-UDP kunye nedatha Indima ye-chessom kukufumanisa ukuba impazamo okanye inkohlakalo yenzekile ngexesha lothungelwano lwe-UDP ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-TCP kunye ne-UDP kwi-rectI-Network yenethiwekhikwayeIpakethi yenethiwekhi yenethiwekhiUngacwangcisa zombini iipakethi ze-TCP okanye iipakethi ze-UDP
I-TCP kunye ne-UDP zahlukile kule miba ilandelayo:
Uqhagamshelo: I-TCP yinkqubo yezothutho enosuku efuna unxibelelwano oluzakwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba idatha itshintshelwe. I-UDP, kwelinye icala, ayifuni uqhagamshelo kwaye inokudlulisela idatha ngokukhawuleza.
Into yenkonzo: I-TCP yinkonzo enye-ukuya kwenye, enye, oko kukuthi, unxibelelwano lunezinto ezimbini kuphela zokunxibelelana. Nangona kunjalo, i-UDP ixhasa umntu ngamnye, omnye-uninzi, kunye nonxibelelwano oluninzi olusebenzisana, olunokunxibelelana neqela elininzi ngaxeshanye.
Ukuthembeka: I-TCP ibonelela ngenkonzo yokuhambisa idatha ngokuthembekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ingenampazamo, ilahlekile-ayiphindi, kwaye ifike kwimfuno. Kwelinye icala, lenza umzamo wabo owona mzuzu kwaye awuqinisekisi ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo. I-UDP inokubandezeleka ngenxa yokulahleka kwedatha kunye nezinye iimeko ngexesha lokuhambisa.
Ukulawulwa kokuxinana, ulawulo lokuhamba: I-TCP inolawulo lokuConga kunye neendlela zokulawula ukuhamba, ezinokuhlengahlengisa inqanaba lokuhambisa idatha ngokweemeko zenethiwekhi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nozinzo losulelo lwedatha. I-UDP ayinazindlela zolawulo zokuhamba kunye nokuhamba nokuhambahamba, nokuba inethiwekhi idityaniswe kakhulu, ayiyi kwenza uhlengahlengiso kwinqanaba le-UDP lokuthumela.
I-header ngaphezulu: I-TCP inobude obude obude, ngokwesiqhelo i-20 ye-Byte, ekwandisayo xa kusetyenziswa iindawo zokhetho. I-UDP, kwelinye icala, inentloko emiselweyo ye-8 ye-8 ye-byte kuphela, ke i-UDP inentloko esezantsi.
I-TCP kunye ne-UDP STARIOOS:
I-TCP kunye ne-UDP ziiprotokholi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zothutho, kwaye zineemahluko kwimeko yesicelo.
Ukususela kwi-TCP ye-TCP yenkqubo enosuku ekunxibelelaneni, ngokuyintloko isetyenziswa kwiimeko apho kufanelekileyo ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ethembekileyo. Ezinye iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa zibandakanya:
Ukudluliselwa kwefayile ye-FTP: I-TCP inokuqinisekisa ukuba iifayile azilahleki kwaye zonakaliswe ngexesha lokudluliselwa.
Http / https: I-TCP iqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa nokuchaneka komxholo wewebhu.
Kungenxa yokuba i-UDP ngumgaqo ongumgaqo onokuqhagamshelwa, awuboneleli ngokuqiniseka ngokuthembekileyo, kodwa ineempawu zokusebenza kakuhle kunye nexesha lokwenyani. I-UDP ilungele le meko ilandelayo:
I-packet yepakethi ephantsi, efana ne-DNS (i-domain yegama): I-DNS Imibuzo ihlala ihamba kwiipakethi ezimfutshane, kwaye i-UDP inokubagcwalisa ngokukhawuleza.
Unxibelelwano lwe-Multimedia ezinje ngevidiyo kunye neaudiyo: Kumsebenzi we-Multimedia oneemfuno eziphakamileyo zexesha, i-UDP inokubonelela ngo-tenten osezantsi wokuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ingadluliselwa ngendlela yexesha elifanelekileyo.
Unxibelelwano losasazo: I-UDP ixhasa i-on-to-uninzi kunye nonxibelelwano oluninzi-oluninzi kwaye lunokusetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imiyalezo yosasazo.
Isishwankathelo
Namhlanje safunda nge-TCP. I-TCP ngunxibelelwano olujolise kwi-procerierielielielielie, ithemba, i-Byte -am yezoThutho lwezoThutho. Iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kunye nokwamkelwa ngokulandelelana kwedatha ngokuseka unxibelelwano, ngesandla kunye nokwamkelwa. IProtokholi ye-TCP isebenzisa amazibuko ukufezekisa unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo, kwaye ibonelela ngeenkonzo zonxibelelwano ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zesicelo eziqhuba kwiinginginya ezahlukeneyo. Unxibelelwano lwe-TCP lugcwele-duppex, uvumela ugqithiso lwedatha ye-bidiretical ngaxeshanye. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-UDP ngumgaqo-nkqubo wonxibelelwano ononxibelelwano olwakhethelwano, olungaboneleli ngokuqinisekiswa kwaye kufanelekile kwezinye iimeko ezikwimfuno ephezulu yexesha. I-TCP kunye ne-UDP zahlukile kwimodi yoqhagamshelo, inkonzo, ukuthembeka, ukulawulwa kokungasebenzi, ulawulo lokuhamba kunye nezinye iinkalo, kwaye iimeko zabo zesicelo ziyahlukile.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: I-DEX-03-2024
