Namhlanje, siza kuqala ngokugxila kwi-TCP. Ngaphambili kwisahluko sokwaleka, sikhankanye ingongoma ebalulekileyo. Kumaleko wothungelwano nangezantsi, kuninzi malunga nokusingatha uqhagamshelwano, okuthetha ukuba ikhomputha yakho kufuneka yazi ukuba iphi enye ikhompyuter ukuze iqhagamshele kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano kuthungelwano luhlala lusebenzisa unxibelelwano endaweni yonxibelelwano phakathi koomatshini. Ngoko ke, iprotocol ye-TCP yazisa ingcamango ye-port. I-port inokuhlalwa yinkqubo enye kuphela, enika unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kweenkqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kwiinginginya ezahlukeneyo.
Umsebenzi woluhlu lwezothutho yindlela yokubonelela ngeenkonzo zonxibelelwano ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kweenkqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kwimikhosi eyahlukeneyo, ngoko ke kwaziwa ngokuba yiprotocol yokuphela kokuphela. Uluhlu lwezothutho lufihla iinkcukacha eziphambili zenethiwekhi, ukuvumela inkqubo yesicelo ukuba ibone ngathi kukho umjelo wonxibelelwano olunengqiqo phakathi kwamacandelo amabini othutho.
I-TCP imele iProtocol yoLawulo loThutho kwaye yaziwa njengeprotocol ejolise kuqhagamshelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphambi kokuba isicelo esinye siqalise ukuthumela idatha kwenye, iinkqubo ezimbini kufuneka zenze ukubamba isandla. Ukuxhawula ngesandla yinkqubo eqhagamshelwe ngengqiqo eqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kunye nokwamkelwa ngocwangco kwedatha. Ngexesha lokuxhawula isandla, uxhulumaniso lusekwe phakathi komthombo kunye nemikhosi yokusingwa ngokutshintshisa uluhlu lweepakethi zokulawula kunye nokuvumelana kwezinye iiparitha kunye nemithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha okuyimpumelelo.
Yintoni i-TCP? (I-Mylinking'sItephu yeNethiwekhikwayeNetwork Packet Brokerinokuqhuba zombini iiPakethi ze-TCP okanye ze-UDP)
I-TCP (iProtokholi yoLawulo loThutho) lunxibelelwano olujolise, oluthembekileyo, olusekwe kwi-byte-stream esekelwe kwiprotocol yonxibelelwano yothutho.
Uqhagamshelo lujolise: I-Connection-oriented ithetha ukuba unxibelelwano lwe-TCP luyinto enye ukuya kwelinye, oko kukuthi, unxibelelwano lwe-point-to-point-to-end-point, ngokungafani ne-UDP, enokuthumela imiyalezo kwimikhosi emininzi ngexesha elinye, ngoko ke unxibelelwano olulodwa alukwazi ukufezekiswa.
Uthembekile: Ukuthembeka kwe-TCP kuqinisekisa ukuba iipakethi zihanjiswa ngokuthembekileyo kummkeli kungakhathaliseki ukuba utshintsho kwikhonkco yenethiwekhi, eyenza ifomathi yepakethi yeprotocol ye-TCP ibe nzima ngakumbi kune-UDP.
I-Byte-stream-based: I-byte-stream-based based nature ye-TCP ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo yanoma yimuphi ubungakanani kwaye iqinisekisa umyalelo womyalezo: nokuba umyalezo wangaphambili awukafunyanwanga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye nokuba ii-bytes ezilandelayo zifunyenwe, i-TCP ayiyi kuzinikezela kuluhlu lwesicelo sokucubungula kwaye iya kulahla ngokuzenzekelayo iipakethi eziphindwe kabini.
Emva kokuba i-host host A kunye ne-B iseke uxhulumaniso, isicelo sidinga kuphela ukusebenzisa umgca wonxibelelwano olubonakalayo ukuthumela nokufumana idatha, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha. Iprotocol ye-TCP inoxanduva lokulawula imisebenzi efana nokusekwa koqhagamshelwano, ukuqhawula, kunye nokubamba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba apha sithi umgca wenyani kuphela kuthetha ukuseka uxhulumaniso, uqhagamshelo lweprotocol ye-TCP lubonisa kuphela ukuba amacala amabini anokuqalisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha. Iindlela zokuhambisa kunye nezothutho ziphathwa zizixhobo zenethiwekhi; iprotocol ye-TCP ngokwayo ayikhathaleli ngezi nkcukacha.
Uqhagamshelo lwe-TCP luyinkonzo epheleleyo ye-duplex, okuthetha ukuba umamkeli A kunye nomncedisi B unokudlulisa idatha kumacala omabini kuqhagamshelwano lwe-TCP. Okokuthi, idatha inokudluliselwa phakathi kwe-host A kunye ne-host B ekuhambeni kwe-bidirectional.
I-TCP igcina okwexeshana idatha kwi-buffer yoqhagamshelwano. Le buffer yokuthumela yenye ye cache esetwayo ngexesha lokuxhawulana ngeendlela ezintathu. Emva koko, i-TCP iya kuthumela idatha kwi-cache yokuthumela kwi-cache yokufumana indawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngokwenyani, intanga nganye iya kuba ne-cache yokuthumela kunye ne-cache yokufumana, njengoko kubonisiwe apha:
I-buffer yokuthumela yindawo yememori egcinwe ngukuphunyezwa kwe-TCP kwicala lomthumeli esetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha okwethutyana ukuba ithunyelwe. Xa ukuxhawula ngeendlela ezintathu kwenziwa ukuseka uxhulumaniso, i-cache yokuthumela imisiwe kwaye isetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha. Isithinteli sokuthumela sihlengahlengiswa ngokuguquguqukayo ngokuhambelana nokuxinana kwenethiwekhi kunye nengxelo evela kumamkeli.
I-buffer yokufumana indawo yememori egcinwe kukuphunyezwa kwe-TCP kwicala lokufumana elisetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha efunyenweyo okwethutyana. I-TCP igcina idatha efunyenweyo kwi-cache yokufumana kwaye ilinde isicelo esiphezulu ukuba siyifunde.
Qaphela ukuba ubukhulu be-cache yokuthumela kunye nokufumana i-cache bukhawulelwe, xa i-cache igcwele, i-TCP inokusebenzisa ezinye izicwangciso, ezifana nokulawula ukudibanisa, ukulawula ukuhamba, njl., Ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ethembekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwenethiwekhi.
Kwiinethiwekhi zekhompyuter, ukuhanjiswa kwedatha phakathi kwemikhosi kuqhutywa ngokwamacandelo. Ke yintoni icandelo lepakethi?
I-TCP idala icandelo le-TCP, okanye i-packet segment, ngokwahlula umlambo ongenayo kwiinqununu kunye nokongeza iintloko ze-TCP kwi-chunk nganye. ICandelo ngalinye linokudluliselwa kuphela ixesha elilinganiselweyo kwaye alinako ukudlula ubungakanani beSegment enkulu (MSS). Endleleni ehlayo, icandelo lepakethi lidlula kwikhonkco lekhonkco. Uluhlu lwekhonkco luneYunithi yokuThunyelwa kweMaximum (MTU), eyona bungakanani bepakethe yepakethe enokuthi idlule kwi-data link layer. Iyunithi yothumelo ephezulu idla ngokunxulumana nojongano lonxibelelwano.
Ke ngoko yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-MSS kunye ne-MTU?
Kwiinethiwekhi zekhompyuter, i-hierarchical architecture ibaluleke kakhulu kuba ithathela ingqalelo ukungafani phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Umaleko ngamnye unegama elahlukileyo; kuluhlu lwezothutho, idatha ibizwa ngokuba yinxalenye, kwaye kuluhlu lwenethiwekhi, idatha ibizwa ngokuba yipakethi ye-IP. Ngoko ke, i-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) inokucingwa njenge-Maximum IP packet Ubungakanani obunokuhanjiswa ngumaleko womnatha, ngelixa i-Maximum Segment Size (MSS) ingcamango yothutho lothutho olubhekiselele kubuninzi bedatha enokuthi idluliselwe kwipakethi ye-TCP ngexesha.
Qaphela ukuba xa i-Maximum Segment Size (MSS) inkulu kune-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), i-IP fragmentation iya kwenziwa kwi-network layer, kwaye i-TCP ayiyi kuhlukanisa idatha enkulu ibe ngamacandelo afanelekileyo kwi-MTU ubukhulu. Kuya kubakho icandelo kumaleko womnatha anikezelwe kwi-IP layer.
Isakhiwo secandelo lepakethi ye-TCP
Makhe sihlolisise ifomathi kunye nemixholo yeeheader ze-TCP.
Inombolo yolandelelwano: Inombolo engahleliwe eyenziwa yikhompyutheni xa uxhulumaniso lusekwe njengexabiso layo lokuqala xa uxhulumaniso lwe-TCP lusekwe, kwaye inombolo yokulandelelana ithunyelwa kumamkeli ngepakethi ye-SYN. Ngexesha lokuhanjiswa kwedatha, umthumeli unyusa inombolo yokulandelelana ngokwemali yedatha ethunyelwe. Umamkeli ugweba umyalelo wedatha ngokwenombolo yokulandelelana efunyenweyo. Ukuba idatha ifunyenwe ngaphandle komyalelo, ummkeli uya kuphinda ahlele idatha ukuze aqinisekise umyalelo wedatha.
Inombolo yombulelo: Le yinombolo yolandelelwano esetyenziswe kwi-TCP ukuvuma ukufumana idatha. Ibonisa inombolo yolandelelwano lwedatha elandelayo umthumeli alindele ukuyifumana. Kuxhulumaniso lwe-TCP, umamkeli unquma ukuba yeyiphi idatha efunyenwe ngempumelelo ngokusekelwe kwinombolo yokulandelelana yecandelo lepakethi yedatha efunyenweyo. Xa ummkeli efumana ngempumelelo idatha, ithumela ipakethe ye-ACK kumthumeli, equlethe inombolo yokuvuma yokuvuma. Emva kokufumana ipakethe ye-ACK, umthumeli unokuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ngaphambi kokuvuma inombolo yempendulo ifunyenwe ngempumelelo.
Amasuntswana olawulo ecandelo le-TCP aquka oku kulandelayo:
ACK kancinci: Xa le bit ingu-1, ithetha ukuba indawo yempendulo yovuma iyasebenza. I-TCP ikhankanya ukuba le bit kufuneka imiselwe ku-1 ngaphandle kweepakethi ze-SYN xa uxhulumaniso lusekiwe.
RST bit: Xa le bit i-1, ibonisa ukuba kukho ukungafani kwi-TCP uxhumano kwaye uxhumano kufuneka lunyanzeliswe ukuba lukhutshwe.
SYN bit: Xa le bit imiselwe ku-1, ithetha ukuba uxhulumaniso luza kusekwa kwaye ixabiso lokuqala lenombolo yolandelelwano lusetwa kwibala lenombolo yolandelelwano.
FIN bit: Xa le bit ingu-1, ithetha ukuba akukho datha iya kuthunyelwa kwixesha elizayo kwaye uqhagamshelwano luyafunwa.
Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ze-TCP zifakwe kwisakhiwo samacandelo epakethe ye-TCP.
Yintoni i-UDP? (Mylinking'sItephu yeNethiwekhikwayeNetwork Packet Brokerinokuqhuba zombini iiPakethi ze-TCP okanye ze-UDP)
IProtocol yeDathagram yomsebenzisi (i-UDP) yiprotocol yonxibelelwano olungenanxibelelwano. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-TCP, i-UDP ayiboneleli ngeendlela zokulawula ezinzima. Iprotocol ye-UDP ivumela izicelo ukuba zithumele ngokuthe ngqo iipakethi ze-IP ezifihliweyo ngaphandle kokuseka uxhumano. Xa umphuhlisi ekhetha ukusebenzisa i-UDP endaweni ye-TCP, isicelo sinxibelelana ngqo ne-IP.
Igama elipheleleyo leProtocol ye-UDP yiProtokholi yeDatha yeDatha yoMsebenzisi, kwaye intloko yayo ineebhayithi ezisibhozo kuphela (iibhithi ezingama-64), ezimfutshane kakhulu. Ubume besihloko se-UDP ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Indawo yokufikela kunye nemithombo yezibuko: Injongo yabo ephambili kukubonisa ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo i-UDP ekufuneka ithumele kuyo iipakethi.
Ubungakanani bepakethi: Intsimi yesayizi yepakethe ibamba ubungakanani bentloko ye-UDP kunye nobukhulu bedatha
I-Checksum: Yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwezihloko ze-UDP kunye neenkcukacha.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-TCP kunye ne-UDP kwi-Mylinking'sItephu yeNethiwekhikwayeNetwork Packet Brokerinokuqhuba zombini iiPakethi ze-TCP okanye ze-UDP
I-TCP kunye ne-UDP zahlukile kule miba ilandelayo:
Uqhagamshelwano: I-TCP yiprotocol yothutho ejolise kunxibelelwano efuna uqhagamshelo lusekwe phambi kokuba idatha idluliselwe. I-UDP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayifuni uxhumano kwaye inokudlulisa idatha ngokukhawuleza.
Injongo yeNkonzo: I-TCP yinkonzo enye ukuya kwelinye, oko kukuthi, uxhulumaniso luneziphelo ezimbini kuphela zokunxibelelana omnye nomnye. Nangona kunjalo, i-UDP isekela enye-to-enye, enye-ukuya-baninzi, kunye nonxibelelwano oluninzi olusebenzayo, olunokunxibelelana nemikhosi emininzi ngexesha elinye.
Ukuthembeka: I-TCP inikezela ngenkonzo yokuhambisa idatha ngokuthembekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ayinamaphutha, ilahleko, ayiphindi, kwaye ifika kwimfuno. I-UDP, kwelinye icala, yenza umgudu wayo ongcono kwaye ayiqinisekisi ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo. I-UDP inokubandezeleka ngenxa yokulahleka kwedatha kunye nezinye iimeko ngexesha lokudluliselwa.
Ukulawula ukuxinana, ukulawula ukuhamba: I-TCP inolawulo lokuxinana kunye neendlela zokulawula ukuhamba, ezinokulungelelanisa izinga lokudluliselwa kwedatha ngokweemeko zenethiwekhi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kokudluliselwa kwedatha. I-UDP ayinalo ulawulo lokuxinana kunye neendlela zokulawula ukuhamba, nangona inethiwekhi ixinana kakhulu, ayiyi kwenza uhlengahlengiso kwizinga lokuthumela i-UDP.
Iheda ngaphezulu: I-TCP inobude obude be-header, ngokuqhelekileyo i-bytes ye-20, eyandisa xa kusetyenziswa iindawo zokukhetha. I-UDP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ine-header esisigxina ye-8 bytes kuphela, ngoko i-UDP ine-header ephantsi.
Iimeko zeSicelo se-TCP kunye ne-UDP:
I-TCP kunye ne-UDP ziprothokholi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zothutho zothutho, kwaye zineeyantlukwano ezithile kwiimeko zesicelo.
Ekubeni i-TCP i-protocol ejoliswe kunxibelelwano, isetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwiimeko apho kufuneka ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ethembekileyo. Ezinye iimeko zokusetyenziswa eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
Ugqithiso lwefayile yeFTP: I-TCP inokuqinisekisa ukuba iifayile azilahlekanga kwaye zonakaliswe ngexesha lokudluliselwa.
HTTP/HTTPS: I-TCP iqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuchaneka komxholo wewebhu.
Ngenxa yokuba i-UDP yiprotocol engaxhunywanga, ayinikezeli isiqinisekiso sokuthembeka, kodwa ineempawu zokusebenza kakuhle kunye nexesha langempela. I-UDP ifanelekile kwezi meko zilandelayo:
Ipakethe ephantsi yetrafikhi, efana neDNS (iNkqubo yeGama leDomain): Imibuzo ye-DNS idla ngokuba ziipakethi ezimfutshane, kwaye i-UDP inokuzalisa ngokukhawuleza.
Unxibelelwano lwemultimedia njengevidiyo kunye neaudio: Ukuhanjiswa kwe-multimedia kunye neemfuno eziphezulu zexesha langempela, i-UDP inokubonelela nge-latency ephantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha inokudluliselwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Unxibelelwano losasazo: I-UDP ixhasa unxibelelwano olunye ukuya kwabaninzi kwaye luninzi kwaye lungasetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo yosasazo.
Isishwankathelo
Namhlanje sifunde nge-TCP. I-TCP lunxibelelwano olujolise kunxibelelwano, oluthembekileyo, olusekwe kwi-byte-stream yonxibelelwano lweprotocol yonxibelelwano. Iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kunye nokwamkelwa ngocwangco kwedatha ngokuseka uqhagamshelwano, ukuxhawula izandla kunye nokuvuma. Iprotocol ye-TCP isebenzisa izibuko ukuqonda unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo, kwaye ibonelela ngeenkonzo zonxibelelwano ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kwiinginginya ezahlukeneyo. Uqhagamshelo lwe-TCP luyi-duplex epheleleyo, evumela ukudluliselwa kwedatha ngaxeshanye. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-UDP yi-protocol yonxibelelwano ehambelana nonxibelelwano, engaboneleli ngeziqinisekiso zokuthembeka kwaye ifanelekile kwezinye iimeko ezineemfuno eziphezulu zexesha langempela. I-TCP kunye ne-UDP zihluke kwimodi yokudibanisa, into yenkonzo, ukuthembeka, ukulawula ukudibanisa, ukulawula ukuhamba kunye nezinye iinkalo, kunye neemeko zabo zesicelo nazo zihluke.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-03-2024
