Ukhuseleko ayiseyiyo inketho, kodwa ikhosi efunekayo kuyo yonke ingcali ye-Intanethi yetekhnoloji. I-HTTP, i-HTTPS, i-SSL, i-TLS - Ngaba uyayiqonda ngokwenene into eyenzekayo emva kweemifanekiso? Kweli nqaku, siza kuchaza i-logic engundoqo yeendlela zonxibelelwano ezifihliweyo zanamhlanje ngendlela ye-layman kunye nezobugcisa, kwaye sikuncede uqonde iimfihlo "emva kwezitshixo" kunye netshati ebonakalayo.
Kutheni i-HTTP "ingakhuselekanga"? --- Intshayelelo
Khumbula isilumkiso sesikhangeli esiqhelekileyo?
"Uqhagamshelwano lwakho alukho bucala."
Nje ukuba iwebhusayithi ingasebenzisi i-HTTPS, lonke ulwazi lomsebenzisi luhanjiswa kwinethiwekhi ngokubhaliweyo okucacileyo. Iiphasiwedi zakho zokungena, iinombolo zekhadi lebhanki, kunye neencoko zabucala zonke zinokubanjwa ngumgeki obekwe kakuhle. Unobangela woku kunqongophala kwe-HTTP yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo.
Ke i-HTTPS, kunye "nomgcini-sango" emva kwayo, i-TLS, ivumela njani idatha ukuba ihambe ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-Intanethi? Masiyiqhekeze phantsi umaleko ngokomaleko.
I-HTTPS = i-HTTP + TLS/SSL --- Ulwakhiwo kunye neeNgcebiso ezingundoqo
1. Yintoni iHTTPS ngokwenene?
I-HTTPS (i-HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) = I-HTTP + Umaleko wokuFihla (TLS/SSL)
○ I-HTTP: Olu luxanduva lokuthutha idatha, kodwa umxholo ubonakala kwisicatshulwa esicacileyo
○ TLS/SSL: Ibonelela "ngotshixo kuguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo" kunxibelelwano lwe-HTTP, ijika idatha ibe yiphazili enokusombulula kuphela ngumthumeli nomamkeli osemthethweni.
Umzobo 1: I-HTTP vs HTTPS ukuhamba kwedatha.
"Tshixa" kwibar yedilesi yesikhangeli yi TLS/SSL iflegi yokhuseleko.
2. Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-TLS kunye ne-SSL?
○ I-SSL (Khusela umaleko weeSokethi): Iprothokholi yokuqala efihlwayo, efunyenwe inobuthathaka obumandundu.
○ I-TLS (uKhuseleko lweNqanaba lezoThutho): Umlandeli we-SSL, i-TLS 1.2 kunye ne-TLS 1.3 ephucukileyo, ebonelela ngophuculo olubonakalayo kukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza.
Kwezi ntsuku, "izatifikethi ze-SSL" kukuphunyezwa kwendlela elandelwayo ye-TLS, esanda kuthiywa izandiso.
Ngokunzulu kwi-TLS: Umlingo weCryptographic ngasemva kweHTTPS
1. Ukuxhawulana ngesandla kusonjululwe ngokupheleleyo
Isiseko sonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo lwe-TLS ngumdaniso wokuxhawula izandla ngexesha lokumisela. Masicalule ukuhamba ngokuxhawulana ngesandla kwe-TLS eqhelekileyo:
Umfanekiso 2: Ukuqukuqelana ngesandla kwe-TLS eqhelekileyo.
1️⃣ Ukuseta uQhagamshelwano lwe-TCP
Umxhasi (umzekelo, umkhangeli zincwadi) uqalisa uxhulumaniso lwe-TCP kumncedisi (izibuko eliqhelekileyo 443).
2️⃣ Isigaba sokuxhawula isandla seTLS
○ UMxumi Molo: Isikhangeli sithumela uguqulelo lwe-TLS oluxhaswayo, i-cipher, kunye nenombolo engakhethiyo kunye neSalathiso seGama leseva (SNI), exelela umncedisi ukuba leliphi igama lenginginya afuna ukufikelela kulo (ivumela ulwahlulo lwe-IP kwiindawo ezininzi).
○ Umncedisi onguMolo kunye noMba weSiqinisekiso: Umncedisi ukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwe-TLS kunye ne-cipher, kwaye ithumela emva isatifikethi sayo (ngesitshixo sikawonke-wonke) kunye namanani angaqhelekanga.
○ Uqinisekiso lwesatifikethi: Umkhangeli zincwadi uqinisekisa ikhonkco lesatifikethi somncedisi yonke indlela ukuya kwingcambu ethembekileyo yeCA ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayenzelwanga.
○ Ukuvelisa isitshixo se-Premaster: Isikhangeli senza isitshixo se-premaster, siyiguqulele ngokuntsonkothileyo ngesitshixo sikawonke-wonke somncedisi, kwaye siyithumele kumncedisi.
○ Ukugqitywa kokuxhawulana: Omabini amaqela athumela imiyalezo ethi "Kugqityiwe" omnye komnye kwaye afake isigaba sothumelo lwedatha efihliweyo.
3️⃣ Khusela uThutho lweDatha
Yonke idatha yenkonzo iguqulelwe ngokuntsonkothileyo ngesitshixo seseshoni yothethathethwano ngokufanelekileyo, nokuba ibanjwe phakathi, liqela nje "lekhowudi edityanisiweyo".
4️⃣ Sebenzisa kwakhona iSeshini
I-TLS ixhasa iSeshini kwakhona, enokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza ngokuvumela umxhasi ofanayo ukuba atsibe ukuxhawulana ngesandla okudinayo.
I-asymmetric encryption (efana ne-RSA) ikhuselekile kodwa iyacotha. I-Symmetric encryption iyakhawuleza kodwa usasazo oluphambili lunzima. I-TLS isebenzisa isicwangciso-qhinga "samanyathelo amabini"-okokuqala i-asymmetric ekhuselekileyo yotshintshiselwano kunye neskim se-symmetric ukuguqulela ngokufanelekileyo idatha.
2. Ukuziphendukela kwe-algorithm kunye nokuphuculwa kokhuseleko
RSA kunye noDiffie-Hellman
○ I-RSA
Yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngexesha le-TLS lokuxhawula ngokukhuselekileyo ukusabalalisa izitshixo zeseshoni. Umxhasi uvelisa isitshixo seseshoni, ayifihlwe ngesitshixo sikawonke-wonke somncedisi, kwaye ayithumele ukuze ibe ngumncedisi kuphela onokuyicima.
○ Diffie-Hellman (DH/ECDH)
Ukusukela nge-TLS 1.3, i-RSA ayisasetyenziswa kutshintshiselwano olungundoqo ngokuxhasa i-algorithms ye-DH/ECDH ekhuseleke ngakumbi exhasa ubumfihlo bangaphambili (PFS). Nokuba isitshixo sabucala sivuziwe, idatha yembali ayinakuvulwa.
| Inguqulelo yeTLS | isitshixo Exchange Algorithm | Ukhuseleko |
| I-TLS 1.2 | RSA/DH/ECDH | Phezulu |
| I-TLS 1.3 | kuphela ye-DH/ECDH | Ngaphezulu Phezulu |
Iingcebiso eziSebenzayo ekufuneka aBasebenzi beNethiwekhi bafanele baPhakamise
○ Uphuculo oluphambili ukuya kwi-TLS 1.3 kuguqulelo olukhawulezayo nolukhuseleke ngakumbi.
○ Yenza i-ciphers eyomeleleyo (AES-GCM, ChaCha20, njl.) kwaye ukhubaze i-algorithms ebuthathaka kunye neeprothokholi ezingakhuselekanga (SSLv3, TLS 1.0);
○ Qwalasela i-HSTS, i-OCSP Stapling, njl.njl. ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwe-HTTPS lulonke;
○ Uhlaziyo rhoqo kwaye uphonononge isixokelelwano sesatifikethi ukuze uqinisekise ukunyaniseka kunye nemfezeko yekhonkco letrasti.
Isiphelo kunye neengcinga: Ngaba ishishini lakho likhuselekile ngenene?
Ukusuka kwi-HTTP ecacileyo ukuya kwi-HTTPS efihliweyo ngokupheleleyo, iimfuno zokhuseleko ziye zavela emva kwayo yonke iprotocol yophuculo. Njengelitye lembombo lonxibelelwano olufihliweyo kuthungelwano lwangoku, i-TLS ihlala iziphucula ukuze imelane nemeko yokuhlasela eyandayo.
Ngaba ishishini lakho sele lisebenzisa i-HTTPS? Ngaba uqwalaselo lwakho lwe-crypto luhambelana neyona ndlela ilungileyo yoshishino?
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-22-2025
