Intshayelelo
Sonke siyawazi umgaqo wokuhlela kunye nomgaqo ongeyena ulwahlulo lwe-IP kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi. Ukuqhekeka kwe-IP kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona yindlela ephambili kwinkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwepakethi. Xa ubungakanani bepakethi budlula umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuhanjiswa kweYunithi (MTU) yekhonkco yenethiwekhi, i-IP fragmentation iyahlula ipakethe ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci amaninzi okuhanjiswa. Ezi ziqwenga zihanjiswa ngokuzimeleyo kuthungelwano kwaye, xa zifika kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, ziphinda zihlanganiswe kwiipakethi ezipheleleyo nge-IP yokuhlanganisa kwakhona indlela. Le nkqubo yokuqhekeka kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona iqinisekisa ukuba iipakethi ezinkulu zobukhulu ziyakwazi ukuhanjiswa kwinethiwekhi ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuthembeka kwedatha. Kweli candelo, siza kujonga nzulu ukuba ulwahlulo lwe-IP lusebenza njani kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-IP kunye nokuHlanganisa kwakhona
Amakhonkco edatha ahlukeneyo aneeyunithi ezahlukeneyo zothumelo oluphezulu (MTU); umzekelo, ikhonkco yedatha ye-FDDI ine-MTU ye-4352 bytes kunye ne-Ethernet MTU ye-1500 bytes. I-MTU imele iYunithi yoThutho oluPhezulu kwaye ibhekiselele kubungakanani bepakethi ephezulu enokuhanjiswa kwinethiwekhi.
I-FDDI (i-Fiber Distributed Data Interface) ngumgangatho wenethiwekhi yendawo yesantya esiphezulu (LAN) esebenzisa i-fiber optical njengendlela yokudlulisa. I-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) yisayizi enkulu yepakethe enokuhanjiswa nge-data link layer protocol. Kuthungelwano lwe-FDDI, ubukhulu be-MTU yi-4352 bytes. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungakanani bepakethe enkulu enokuthi idluliselwe yi-data link layer protocol kwinethiwekhi ye-FDDI yi-4352 bytes. Ukuba ipakethe iya kuhanjiswa idlula lo bukhulu, kufuneka ihlulwe ukwahlula ipakethe ibe ngamaqhekeza amaninzi afanelekileyo ubungakanani be-MTU yokuhanjiswa kunye nokuhlangana kwakhona kumamkeli.
Kwi-Ethernet, i-MTU iqhele ukuba yi-1500 bytes ngobukhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Ethernet inokuhambisa iipakethi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1500 bytes ngobukhulu. Ukuba ubungakanani bepakethi budlula umda we-MTU, ke ipakethi iyahlukana ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci ukuze idluliselwe kwaye iphinde ihlanganiswe kwindawo oya kuyo. Ukudibanisa kwakhona i-datagram ye-IP ecandiweyo inokuqhutywa kuphela ngumgcini wendawo, kwaye i-router ayiyi kwenza umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa kwakhona.
Siphinde sathetha ngamacandelo e-TCP ngaphambili, kodwa i-MSS imele i-Maximum Segment size, kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiprotocol ye-TCP. I-MSS ibhekisa kubungakanani becandelo ledatha eliphezulu elivumelekileyo ukuba lithunyelwe kuqhagamshelwano lwe-TCP. Ngokufana ne-MTU, i-MSS isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubungakanani beepakethi, kodwa yenza njalo kwinqanaba lezothutho, i-TCP protocol layer. Iprotocol ye-TCP idlulisela idatha yoluhlu lwesicelo ngokuhlula idatha kumacandelo amaninzi edatha, kwaye ubungakanani becandelo ledatha nganye bukhawulelwe yi-MSS.
I-MTU yekhonkco nganye yedatha iyahluka kuba uhlobo ngalunye lwekhonkco lwedatha lusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo yokusetyenziswa, iiMTU ezahlukeneyo zinokubanjwa.
Masithi umthumeli ufuna ukuthumela i-datagram ye-4000 byte enkulu yokudluliselwa kwikhonkco ye-Ethernet, ngoko ke i-datagram kufuneka ihlulwe ibe yidathagram ezintathu ezincinci zokudluliselwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba ubungakanani bedathagram encinci nganye ayinakudlula umda we-MTU, oyi-1500 bytes. Emva kokufumana i-datagrams ezintathu ezincinci, umamkeli uzihlanganisela kwakhona kwi-original 4000 byte datagram enkulu esekelwe kwinombolo yokulandelelana kunye ne-offset yedathagram nganye.
Ekuhanjisweni okuqhekezayo, ukulahlekelwa kweqhekeza kuya kuphazamisa yonke idatha ye-IP. Ukunqanda oku, i-TCP yazisa i-MSS, apho ukuhlukana kwenziwa kwi-TCP layer endaweni ye-IP layer. Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba i-TCP inolawulo oluchanekileyo malunga nobukhulu becandelo ngalinye, elithintela iingxaki ezinxulumene nokuhlukana kwi-IP layer.
Kwi-UDP, sizama ukungathumeli ipakethe yedatha enkulu kune-MTU. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-UDP yiprotocol yezothutho ejoliswe ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano, engaboneleli ngokuthembeka kunye neendlela zokuhambisa kwakhona njenge-TCP. Ukuba sithumela ipakethe yedatha ye-UDP enkulu kune-MTU, iya kuhlulwa yi-IP layer yokuhanjiswa. Emva kokuba enye yeziqhekeza ilahlekile, i-protocol ye-UDP ayikwazi ukubuyisela kwakhona, okubangela ukulahlekelwa kwedatha. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuhanjiswa kwedatha okuthembekileyo, kufuneka sizame ukulawula ubungakanani beepakethe zedatha ye-UDP ngaphakathi kwe-MTU kwaye sigweme ukuhanjiswa okuqhekezayo.
I-Mylinking ™ Network Packet Brokerinokuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeprotocol ye-tunnel VxLAN/NVGRE/IPoverIP/MPLS/GRE, njl., Inokumiselwa ngokweprofayili yomsebenzisi ngokwendlela yokuphuma kwetonela yeempawu zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle.
○ Iyakwazi ukubona iVLAN, QinQ, kunye neMPLS ipakethe yelebhile
○ Inokuchonga iVLAN yangaphakathi nangaphandle
○ IPv4/IPv6 ipakethe inokuchongwa
○ Inokuchonga iVxLAN, NVGRE, GRE, IPoverIP, GENEVE, iipakethi zetonela yeMPLS
○ Iipakethe ze-IP eziqhekezayo zinokuchongwa (ukuchonga okuqhekeka kwe-IP exhaswayo kwaye ixhasa ukudityaniswa kwakhona kolwahlulo lwe-IP ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuhlunga uphawu lwe-L4 kuzo zonke iipakethe zokwahlulwa kwe-IP. Phumeza umgaqo-nkqubo weziphumo zendlela.)
Kutheni i-IP yahlulwe kwaye i-TCP yahlulahlulwe?
Ekubeni kwi-network transmission, i-IP layer iya kuqhekeza ngokuzenzekelayo ipakethe yedatha, nokuba i-TCP layer ayihluli idatha, ipakethe yedatha iya kuhluthwa ngokuzenzekelayo yi-IP layer kwaye idluliselwe ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngoko kutheni i-TCP idinga ukuhlukana? Ngaba asikokubaxa?
Masithi kukho ipakethe enkulu engahlulwanga kwi-TCP layer kwaye ilahlekile ekuhambeni; I-TCP iya kuyithumela kwakhona, kodwa kuphela kwipakethi enkulu (nangona i-IP ihlula i-data ibe yipakethe encinci, nganye inobude be-MTU). Oku kungenxa yokuba umaleko we-IP awukhathali malunga nokuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwedatha.
Ngamanye amazwi, ekuthuthweni komatshini kwikhonkco yenethiwekhi, ukuba umaleko wezothutho uqhekeza idatha, i-IP layer ayiqhekezanga. Ukuba ukuhlukana akwenziwanga kwinqanaba lokuthutha, ukuhlukana kunokwenzeka kwi-IP layer.
Ngamagama alula, idatha yamacandelo e-TCP ukwenzela ukuba i-IP layer ingaphinda ihlulwe, kwaye xa ukuhanjiswa kwakhona kwenzeka, iinxalenye ezincinci zedatha eziye zahlulwa zithunyelwa kwakhona. Ngale ndlela, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kunokuphuculwa.
Ukuba i-TCP iyahlukana, ngaba umaleko we-IP awuqhekeki?
Kule ngxoxo ingentla, sikhankanye ukuba emva kokuhlukana kwe-TCP kumthumeli, akukho ukuhlukana kwi-IP layer. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho ezinye izixhobo zomaleko womnatha kulo lonke ikhonkco lothutho elinokuba neyunithi yokuhanjiswa okuphezulu (MTU) encinci kune-MTU kumthumeli. Ngoko ke, nangona ipakethi ihlulwe kumthumeli, iphinde ihlulwe kwakhona njengoko idlula kwi-IP layer yezi zixhobo. Ekugqibeleni, zonke ii-shards ziya kuhlanganiswa kumamkeli.
Ukuba sinokumisela ubuncinci be-MTU phezu kwekhonkco yonke kwaye sithumele idatha ngelo xesha, akukho kwahlukana kuya kwenzeka kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi i-node idatha ethunyelwa kuyo. Le MTU incinci ngaphezu kwekhonkco lonke ibizwa ngokuba yindlela i-MTU (PMTU). Xa ipakethe ye-IP ifika kwi-router, ukuba i-MTU ye-router ingaphantsi kobude bepakethe kunye ne-DF (Musa i-Fragment) iflegi ibekwe kwi-1, i-router ayiyi kukwazi ukuqhekeza ipakethi kwaye ingayilahla kuphela. Kule meko, i-router ivelisa i-ICMP (iProtocol yoLawulo loMyalezo we-Intanethi) umyalezo wemposiso obizwa ngokuba "Ukuqhekeka Kuyimfuneko Kodwa i-DF Set." Lo myalezo wemposiso ye-ICMP uya kuthunyelwa emva kwidilesi yomthombo ngexabiso le-MTU le-router. Xa umthumeli efumana umyalezo wemposiso ye-ICMP, inokulungelelanisa ubungakanani bepakethe ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-MTU ukwenzela ukuba ugweme imeko yokwahlulwa okungavumelekanga kwakhona.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-IP kuyimfuneko kwaye kufuneka kugwenywe kwi-IP layer, ngakumbi kwizixhobo eziphakathi kwikhonkco. Ngoko ke, kwi-IPv6, ukuhlukana kweepakethi ze-IP ngezixhobo eziphakathi akuvunyelwe, kwaye ukuhlukana kunokwenziwa kuphela ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwekhonkco.
Ukuqonda okuSiseko kwe-IPv6
IPv6 yinguqulelo 6 ye-Internet Protocol, elandela i-IPv4. I-IPv6 isebenzisa ubude bedilesi ye-128-bit, enokubonelela ngeedilesi ze-IP ezininzi kunobude bedilesi ye-32-bit ye-IPv4. Oku kungenxa yokuba indawo yedilesi ye-IPv4 iyaphela kancinci kancinci, ngelixa idilesi ye-IPv6 isithuba sikhulu kakhulu kwaye sinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-Intanethi yexesha elizayo.
Xa uthetha nge-IPv6, ukongeza kwindawo engaphezulu yeedilesi, kuzisa ukhuseleko olungcono kunye nokulinganisa, okuthetha ukuba i-IPv6 inokubonelela ngamava angcono womnatha xa kuthelekiswa ne-IPv4.
Nangona i-IPv6 ikhona ixesha elide, ukusasazwa kwayo kwihlabathi kusacotha. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-IPv6 kufuneka ihambelane nenethiwekhi ekhoyo ye-IPv4, efuna inguqu kunye nokufuduka. Nangona kunjalo, ngokudinwa kweedilesi ze-IPv4 kunye nemfuno ekhulayo ye-IPv6, ngakumbi nangakumbi ababoneleli benkonzo ye-Intanethi kunye nemibutho ithatha ngokuthe ngcembe i-IPv6, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe iqonda ukusebenza kwe-dual-stack ye-IPv6 kunye ne-IPv4.
Isishwankathelo
Kwesi sahluko, sijonge nzulu indlela umsebenzi wokuqhekeka kwe-IP kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona. Amakhonkco edatha ahlukeneyo aneYunithi yoThutho oluPhezulu olwahlukileyo (MTU). Xa ubungakanani bepakethi budlula umda we-MTU, i-IP fragmentation iyahlula ipakethe ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci amaninzi ukuze idluliselwe, kwaye iphinde idibanise kwipakethi epheleleyo nge-IP yokuhlanganisa kwakhona indlela emva kokufika kwindawo oya kuyo. Injongo yokuqhekeka kwe-TCP kukwenza ukuba i-IP ingabi yiqhekeza, kwaye iphinde idlulisele kuphela idatha encinci eye yahlulwa xa ukuhanjiswa kwakhona kwenzeka, ukwenzela ukuba kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho ezinye izixhobo zomaleko womnatha kulo lonke unxibelelwano lwezothutho olunokuthi i-MTU ibe ncinane kunomthumeli, ngoko ke ipakethi iya kuphinda ihlulwe kwakhona kuluhlu lwe-IP yezi zixhobo. Ukuqhekeka kwinqanaba le-IP kufuneka kugwenywe kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngakumbi kwizixhobo eziphakathi kwikhonkco.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-07-2025
